Invisible Architecture and Social Space in North and South

Building on previous critical accounts, this article analyses the insufficiently considered role of architecture in Elizabeth Gaskell's North and South and explores its relationship to the text's social, aesthetic and political concerns. Proceeding from an initial discussion of 'invisible architecture' , understood as what is unseen or unseeable in the modern city, with reference to Mary Barton and the writing of Friedrich Engels and James Kay-Shuttleworth, the article contends that Marlborough Mills is central to the tensions of the novel, acting as a locus around which the dynamics of industrial Manchester are explored. It also considers moments where architecture is directly mentioned in the novel, including the comparison between Oxford and Milton, as well as Mr Hale's lectures on Ecclesiastical Architecture, which take place at a 'neighbouring Lyceum'. The article ends by arguing that the Manchester Lyceum schools, established in the city in 1838, serve as an important lens through which to consider the novel's final rapprochement between Mr Thornton and Mr Higgins