Role of zinc and copper in the intensive swine production systems

Animal manure represents a possible route of heavy metals and metalloids (HMMs) diffusion into the environment. HMMs can be released into groundwater, absorbed by crops and enter into food chain and could cause problems for animal and human health. Some HMMs are essential nutrients and they are widely used as additives. Nevertheless, after the digestive process, not absorbed elements are released in manure. The aim of this study was to estimate the input and the output of HMMs in swine production in order to establish strategy to implement the sustainability of livestock. Samples of feed (n = 16), faeces (n = 80) and water (n = 4) were collected from four typical swine farms located in northern Italy. The collection of samples (in airtight nylon bags) was carried out considering the representativeness of matrix according to AOAC procedure. Samples were analysed for the principal components (AOAC, 2005; 152/2009). Mineralised samples (Microwave Digestion System) and water samples were evaluated by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (Bruker Aurora M90 ICP-MS), in triplicate, for the detection of Na, Mg, K, Ca, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Mo, Cd and Pb. The principal nutrients\u2019 analysis presented proper composition linked with the swine nutritional requirements (NRC 2012). The undesirable elements (As, Cd, Pb, Co, Ni, Mo) did not exceed the thresholds levels (2002/32/EC) in the feed samples. Zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) resulted widely applied in swine diets for their positive impact to help young animals to cope with pathogens. The evaluated Zn content of feed samples, probably related to its pharmacological use, was 821.74 \ub1 301.27 mg/kg (as fed) and 1737.88 \ub1 301.27 mg/kg (as fed) in the weaning and finishing phases, respectively. Pig diets also presented a high Cu concentration in the finishing (133.75 \ub1 11.55 mg/kg as fed) and in the weaning (160.09 \ub1 11.55 mg/kg as fed). The content of HMMs in faeces reflected their presence in the diet and swine manure represents a possible source of Zn and Cu pollution. In conclusion, Zn and Cu should be used as nutritional additives in a concentration lower than the maximum admitted level. Thus, alternative strategies are required to guarantee the health status of growing piglets, in line with the recent European Regulations (Reg. 1039/2018; EMA/394961/2017) aimed to reduce the total Cu level in complete feed and to ban the pharmacological use of ZnO