Cognitive and physical development in HIV-positive children in South Africa and Malawi: A community-based follow-up comparison study

Background: Child development is negatively impacted by HIV with children that are infected and affected by HIV performing worse than their peers in cognitive assessments. // Methods: We conducted a descriptive follow‐up comparison study (n=989) in South Africa and Malawi. We tracked child development in 135 HIV‐positive children compared to 854 uninfected children aged 4–13 years attending community‐based organizations at baseline and again 12–15 months later. // Results: Children with HIV were more often stunted (58.8% vs. 27.4%) and underweight (18.7% vs. 7.1%). They also had significantly poorer general physical functioning (M=93.37 vs. M=97.00). HIV‐positive children scored significantly lower on digit span and the draw‐a‐person task. // Conclusions: These data clearly show that HIV infection poses a serious risk for child development and that there is a need for scaled up interventions. Community‐based services may be ideally placed to accommodate such provision and deliver urgently needed support to these children