Modeling acute hemorrhage in the human cardiovascular system

A quantitative, computationally efficient, first-principles model of acute human cardiovascular response to exsanguinating trauma has been developed to predict how values of various physiologic parameters vary over time with the onset of massive blood loss. Two modeling approaches were explored in an attempt to find the most effective method for modeling acute hemorrhage. The pulsatile method has proved to be the more accurate of the two. In the pulsatile method, the cardiovascular system is comparmentalized into eight sections. Fluid mechanics relations, such as pressure-flow dynamics and Poiseuille\u27s law, define blood flow throughout the system. An electric circuit analog comprised of resistors, capacitors (some of which are time-varying), and diodes simulates anatomy and physiologic responses to blood flow. Results produced by the preferred model after it was hemorrhaged by varying amounts and at varying rates fall within acceptable ranges, based on emergency room patient data. It is concluded that the model of acute hemorrhage accurately predicts how various physiological parameter values change over time with hemorrhage. The model warrants further development to increase its precision, enhance its complexity, and allow adaptability to any person, regardless of size, age, or normal preconditions