Unravelling the function of grape flavonoid biosynthesis regulators VvMyb5a and VvMyb5b.

Anthocyanins are accumulated during ripening of grape berries and represent the main source of pigment in wine. Besides the well characterized regulative role of the transcription factor VvMYBA1, the co-regulation of anthocyanin pathway by other members of the MYB family (VvMYB5a and VvMYB5b) has been proposed. The role of VvMYB5a and VvMYB5b has been mainly inferred by expression analyses and/or ectopic expression in heterologous systems. We used functional complementation analyses of the well characterized Petunia anthocyanin regulatory mutants to gain information about the role of VvMYB5a, VvMYB5b and VvMYBA1 in the regulatory network operating in Vitis vinifera. In petunia the mutation of ortholog of VvMYB5a and VvMYB5b (PhPH4) and of VvMYBA1 (PhAN2) result in the increase of vacuolar pH and strong reduction of anthocyanin content of petals respectively. The coding sequence of VvMYB5a, VvMYB5b and VvMYBA1 was fused to the constitutive promoter 35S and transformed into ph4 and an2 petunia mutant lines. Analyses of transgenic plants revealed full complementation phenotypes. A deep characterization of pigment profile, vacuolar pH and expression of structural genes confirmed that restored phenotypes were attributable to an activation of target genes belonging to vacuolar acidification and anthocyanin pathways. Moreover, specific and/or partially overlapping effects could be observed, giving insights about their possible redundant roles in grape