Myeloid cell diversification and complexity: an old concept with new turns in oncology.

Tumour development is accompanied by an enhanced haematopoiesis. This is not a widespread activation since only cells belonging to the myelo-monocytic compartment are expanded and mobilized from primary sites of haematopoiesis to other organs, reaching also the tumour stroma. This process occurs early during tumour formation but becomes more evident in advanced disease. Far from being a simple, unwanted consequence of cancer development, accumulation of myelo-monocytitc cells plays a role in tumour vascularization, local spreading, establishment of metastasis at distant sites, and contribute to create an environment unfavourable for the adoptive immunity against tumour-associated antigens. Myeloid populations involved in these process are likely different but many cells, expanded in primary and secondary lymphoid organs of tumour-bearing mice, share various levels of the CD11b and Gr-1 (Ly6C/G) markers. CD11b(+)Gr-1(+) cells are currently named myeloid-derived suppressor cells for their ability to inhibit T lymphocyte responses in tumour-bearing hosts. In this manuscript, we review the recent literature on tumour-conditioned myeloid subsets that assist tumour growth, both in mice and humans