Where From Here? Ideological Perspectives on the Future of the Civil Rights Movement, 1964-1966

Many civil rights movement activist-intellectuals declared that the movement was in a state of crisis by the mid-1960s. This article discusses how four black intellectuals--Kenneth Clark, Bayard Rustin, George Schuyler, and Malcolm X--from different ideological perspectives responded to the perception that the movement was in crisis and examines how their ideological underpinnings affected their policy proposals for achieving black equality in the United States. These leaders also wanted to ensure the continued relevance of the movement for racial equality in the United States