Utterly Confused Categories: Gender Non-Conformity in Late Medieval and Early Modern Western Europe

This thesis argues that gender non-conforming individuals in the late medieval and early modern periods were influenced by cultural examples of deviant gender behavior including cross-dressers, religious figures, women with male characteristics, literature, and popular entertainment. The thesis also argues that the fragmented approach historians have previously taken when examining the lives of gender non-conforming individuals has been inadequate and could be improved by envisioning the individuals not as individual anomalies or aberrations, but as participants in a long cultural tradition of gender non-conformity and transgression throughout western Europe