Mechanics of metal forming

A metal forming model is outlined for analyzing large strain bulk operations such as forging, rolling, and drawing. Plastic deformations are assumed to be viscoplastic in that the strain rate dependent flow stress depends on the strain hardening through an internal variable that evolves with the deformations. Volumetric deformations are linked to the growth of voids (porosity) using a damage model in which the porosity serves as an internal variable. Several applications are presented that demonstrate by comparison to experimental data that the model can simulate effectively the response of a workpiece under realistic forming conditions