Source contributions and potential reductions to health effects of particulate matter in India

Health effects of exposure to fine particulate matter (PM_(2.5)) in India were estimated in this study based on a source-oriented version of the Community Multi-scale Air Quality (CMAQ) model. Contributions of different sources to premature mortality and years of life lost (YLL) were quantified in 2015. Premature mortality due to cerebrovascular disease (CEVD) was the highest in India (0.44million), followed by ischaemic heart disease (IHD, 0.40million), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD, 0.18million), and lung cancer (LC, 0.01million), with a total of 1.04million deaths. The states with highest premature mortality were Uttar Pradesh (0.23million), Bihar (0.12million), and West Bengal (0.10million). The highest total YLL was 2 years in Delhi, and the Indo-Gangetic plains and eastern India had higher YLL ( ∼ 1 years) than other regions. The residential sector was the largest contributor to PM_(2.5) concentrations ( ∼ 40 µg m^(−3)), total premature mortality (0.58 million), and YLL ( ∼ 0.2 years). Other important sources included industry ( ∼ 20 µg m^(−3)), agriculture ( ∼ 10 µg m^(−3)), and energy ( ∼ 5 µg m^(−3)) with their national averaged contributions of 0.21, 0.12, and 0.07 million to premature mortality, and 0.12, 0.1, and 0.05 years to YLL. Reducing PM_(2.5) concentrations would lead to a significant reduction of premature mortality and YLL. For example, premature mortality in Uttar Pradesh (including Delhi) due to PM_(2.5) exposures would be reduced by 79% and YLL would be reduced by 83% when reducing PM_(2.5) concentrations to 10 µg m^(−3)