Direct and Large Eddy Simulation of Two-Phase Flows with Evaporation

The modeling of turbulent two-phase flows is a subject of interest both to those who wish to understand and predict natural phenomena (e.g. clouds, tornadoes, volcanic clast dispersion, etc.) and those who wish to design and optimize engineered products (combustion devices based on fuel-spray injection such as gas turbine engines or spark ignition engines, augmenters in military aircraft, spray coating whether for painting or for protection against pests, consumer-product sprays such as those dispensed in cans, medical sprays, etc.). Despite the considerable range of applications and the substantial monetary advantages of successful prediction of turbulent two-phase flows, and despite numerous studies addressing modeling of these flows, there is still a lack of consensus for simulating these flows. The results described below are in the context of volumetrically dilute two-phase flows in which the volume of the condensed phase is negligible with respect to that of the carrier gas (e.g. O(10^(−3))) although the ratio of the condensed-phase mass to that of the carrier gas mass can be a substantial fraction (e.g. O(10^(−1))) because the density of the condensed phase is larger by a factor of O(10^3) than that of the gas