Dynamics and Energetics of Animal Swimming and Flying: Introduction

A few broad general questions have been central to the study of the dynamics and energetics of animal swimming and flying since the field began. A partial list includes: 1. What are the biomechanical bases for swimming and flying in the various groups of animals? 2. What are the kinematic and kinetic bases for swimming and flying? How do the shapes and movements of involved body parts generate thrust, drag, lift, dynamic stability, and maneuverability? 3. What are the energy costs of swimming and flying