Toward rules for 1:1 polyamide:DNA recognition

Polyamides composed of four amino acids, imidazole (Im), pyrrole (Py), hydroxypyrrole (Hp), and beta -alanine (beta) are synthetic ligands that form highly stable complexes in the minor groove of DNA. Although specific pairing rules within the 2:1 motif can be used to distinguish the four Watson Crick base pairs, a comparable recognition code for 1:1 polyamide:DNA complexes had not been described. To set a quantitative baseline for the field, the sequence specificities of Im, Py, Hp, and beta for the four Watson Crick base pairs were determined for two polyamides, Im-beta -ImPy-beta -Im-beta -ImPy-beta -DP (1, for Im, Py, and beta) and Im-beta -ImHp-beta -Im-beta -ImPy-beta -Dp (2, for Hp), in a 1:1 complex within the DNA sequence context 5'-AAA-GAGAAGAG-3'. Im residues do not distinguish C,C from A,T but bind all four base pairs with high affinity. Py and beta residues exhibit greater than or equal to 10-fold preference for A,T over G,C base pairs. The Hp residue displays a unique preference for a single A.T base pair with an energetic penalty