Application of ice nucleation proteins to improve process efficiency of freezing technologies with altered ice morphology

This research aimed at applying ice nucleation proteins (INPs) in freezing technologies to improve the efficiency of both freeze concentration and freeze drying processes, with further understanding of the related mechanism of ice morphology using a novel imaging technique (X-ray Computed Tomography). The application of INPs to freeze concentration process showed significant improvement of process efficiency in a desalination model. With the addition of INPs, an estimation of approximately 50% of the energy cost could be saved to obtain fresh drinking water (