Input of pesticides by atmospheric deposition.

Sampling and analytical methods were developed to examine the input of various pesticides on noncultivated areas of the FAM (Research Network on Agroecosystems) Research Station Scheyern. Off-target drift from pesticide application on nearby cultivated land, as well as input due to long-range atmospheric transport, were measured. The wet deposition was determined by a cooled wet-only sampler. Bulk samplers and specially designed samplers with glass-fiber surface were used for total deposition measurements. Analysis of pesticides was carried out using liquid/liquid or solid-phase extraction and high performance liquid chromatography-UV (HPLC-UV) or gas chromatography-nitrogen/phosphorus-sensitive detector/MS (GC-NPD/MS) detection. Obtained results demonstrated that for several compounds, total deposition, i.e. the sum of wet and dry deposition, was marginally higher than wet deposition alone. In contrast, total deposition data of pesticides having been applied near the sampling site exceeded wet deposition values by orders of magnitude. In addition to direct drift, determined as droplets depositing near pesticide application areas, an indirect drift represented by particle-associated or gaseous transport was observed, both of which contributed considerably to total deposition. Therefore, to determine the input of pesticides to nontarget areas in the close vicinity of pesticide application, direct and indirect drift, and background deposition must be considered