THE COCCIDAE or SCALE INSECTS of MISSOURI ) \ by ~lbert Harold Hollinger. B. S. . .. " t· , . . ~ ::' ~ ! •. ' '.'. t.. • .. .. ........ ~ ~ ."' .. , SUBMITTED in PAliTIAL FULFILMENT of the ~mC:'UI::tEMENTS for the DEGREE of MASTER 0 f ARTS in the GRADUATE SCHOOL of the UNIVERSITY of MISSOURI 1917 -••••••• Lf81\~~'~ . /' ,.. . ---... The Coccidae of Missouri. Intraduction. Although Missouri was one of the first states to realize the importance of entomology by the appointment of C. V. Riley as state Entomologist, no attempts have ever been made in Missouri to work up that interesttmg but in-jurious hemipterous family, the Coccidae. In this country there have been many valuable contributions to the knowl-edge of scale insects. Comstock, because of his excellent reports on these insects, can rightly be called the "Father of Coccidology" in the Western Hemisphere. The results of his researches stimulated many students to undertake Similar investigations. From year to year worlcers add materially to our knowledge of the scale insects by en-larging the lists of food plants, by new locality records. or by describing new species. Missouri stands almost surrounded by her sis-ter states without having given her contributions to coc-Cidology along with the others. Kansas, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana and Ohio has each added much to our knowledge of the Coccidae. Although an occasional reference to certain common Missouri coccids will be found in literature, an economic and systematic investigation of this group as a WhOle has never been undertaken in this state. It was with a view of extending our present knowledge of this family of insects in Missouri that the writer has undertaken this investigation. Work was begun during the summer of nineteen hundred fifteen and this report is the result of the research made. Work of this kind could scarsely be completed within a score o~ years. However, the two years of inves-tigation have resulted in the discovery of many common spe-Cies as well as several rare ones. In a few cases the writer has had the pleasure of describing species new to science. Among the most injurious coccids known are the San Jose scale, the red scale, the purple scale, the oyster-shell scale, and certain mealy bugs. Each of these has been found in Missouri, either indigenous or in the greenhouses. A thorough knowledge of the distribution of scale insects, of the .life cycles of the various injurious forms, together with the relative importance of each on its various food plants are first necessary before undertaking work of control. In this way the eradication of injurious species can best be accomplished. The writer desires to acknowledge the co-oper-ation and assistance of the following persons: E. R. Sasscer ~nd H. Morrison of the Federal Burean of Entomology for suggestions and for verification of species; M. P. Somes, 10rmerly of the Missouri Fruit Experiment Station and W. H. Larrimer, formerly of the Federal Entomological Field Stetion at Charleston. Missouri. for the addition of host plant and locality records; P. Evans. Director of the Missou-ri Fruit Experiment Station, for several locality records of the Common scale insects; T. D. A. Cockerell. R. H. Pe~tit, and 11iss E. McDaniel for suggestions; and K. C. Sullivan, '" deputy nursery inspector of Missouri for several exotic coc-cids. Finally. the writer is greatly indebted to H. B. Parks of Palmer College, Missouri, for his identifica-tion and verification of many of the host plants which the writer reports here-in. also for the addition of not only new host plant and locality records, but for the addition of certain new species of coccids, as well. The writer desires to th~ Dr. L. Haseman. Entomologist. for his kindness in allowing sufficient time for the proper preparation of this manuscript. Origin and Meaning .2.i ~ Word "Coccidae". The family name of the scale insects is de-rived from the Greek word "Kokkos". It means a berry. spe-cifically "the berry that grows upon the scarlet tree". Undoubtedly it refers to the berry-like insect Kermes ilicis Linn., which infested Quercus coccifera Linn., a species of oak in the Mediterranean region and Asia. Importance of Scale Insects. To the American fruit grower scale insects are , I Peaoh orohard at Oran, Missouri, killed by the San Jose soale, Aspidiotus pernioiosus Comst. I known to be by far the most injurious of all fruit tree pests. In certain sections of the country more money is expended in combatting three or four species of Coccidae than all other horticultural insect pests combined. Neither are the nurserymen nor florists exempt from the toll col-lected by scale insects, for these pests ~regenerally pre-sent in varying numbers. They may result in either mere annoyance or the loss of hundreds of dollars, this depending on the severity of the attack. They may occur on all kinds of plants, both cultivated and wild. Nearly all known spe-Cies of plants are subject to infestation. The mere mention of the San Jose scale brings to one's mind the enormous annual losses caused to the fruit industry by the accidental introduction into this country of a Chinese insect in the early seventies. The red scale has caused enormous losses in the citrus fruit industry of Flor-ida. In California the black scale has killed thousands of citrus trees and has rendered millions of fruits unsalable. It is no wonder, then, that so much emphasis is laid upon scale insects. Occasionally species considered of no eco-nomic importance may become pests under certain conditions. Consequently many apparently non-economic species are in-cluded in the following pages. Scale insects extract the juices from plants by inserting their mouth-parts into the tissues of the bark. frUit, or leaves. The buccal setae enter the tissnes by either spreading apart the epidermal cells or at an open stoma. The insect secrets saliva to dissolve a passage thru the hard walls of the underlying cells. As soon as a cell is pierced by the setae, the pressure from the inside of the cell gives way. The liquid contents of the cell is partly forced out by the pressure of the surrounding cells and partly leaks out into the open space, after which it is sucked up into the body of the coccid. It is probable that some toxic action follows the secretion of saliva, for the tissues are first discolored, then browned, and finally killed. At any rate, the result of feeding weakens the plants or may entirely kill them. Fruits may be deformed or rendered so unsightly as to be unfit for market, and orna-mental plants are often rendered worthless. While all coccids are more or less destruc-tive, there are a few that produce materials of commercial value. Various dyestuffs consisting of th~dried bodies of certain female coccids have been in use since ancient times. A red dyestuff called Kermes was made from the scale insect Kermes ilicis (Linn.) This coccid infests an evergreen oak of Asia and Southern Europe. At one time it was supposed to be the fruit of that tree, Quercus coccifera Linn. This particular dye has been of corrunercial importance ever since the time of Moses, and it is said that the Iberians paid one-half their Roman debts in this dyestuff. However, it has become of little importance because of the greater value of an other dye, cochineal, which is more brilliant. Cochi-neal is made from the dried bodies of the female insects of DactYlopius coccus Costa. This scale insect is now cult i-vated in many parts of the world for the production of the dye. From cochineal the pi~nts called lake and carmine are prepared. This dyestuff, likewise, is being superseded by certain products of coal tar, called analine dyes. The scarlet grain of Poland, Margarodes polonicus (Linn.) is an-other coccid that has been used in the dye industry. Lac is a resinous substance secreted by Tachardia lacca (Kerr), a coccid native of Ceylon, India, etc. It consists of a gran-ular substance forming cells for the shelter of the eggs of this species. It is found encrusting the twigs of various East Indian trees. The female insects are imbedded in the mass and a scarlet dye is made from their bodies. This dye is dissolved out of the stick or seed-lac, leaving the s~ellac of commerce. This material is used in making var-nishes. lacquers, sealing wax, and in various industries. There are certain American coccids which also yield lac to qUite an extent. Pela or Chinese wax is still another product of one of the Coccidae. Llaveia axin (Llave) of MeXico produces axin which is used medicinally as well as for varnish, The so-called "ground pearls" are encysted coccids of the genus Margarodes Guilding. In some parts of the world these hard cysts are strung on strings and used as necklaces. Gossyparia mannifera (Hardw.) is supposed to be the insect causing the production of manna. This is a gummy secretion of the tree Tamarix mannifera Shr., which is native to Mt. Sinai. It was upon this gummy secretion that the Israelites subsisted in the wilderness. , Means of Distribution of the Coccidae. - --Caccids may,be distributed in several ways, but it is only during the active crawling stage of the fe-male that they are transferred from one position to another on the same tree or from one tree to another. Importations of nursery stock undoubtedly account for much of the world-wide distribution of certain coccids. Climatic conditions,. however, limit to some extent the range of any species. Local distributions are accounted for in at least three ways: (1) by the activity of the young which enables it to voluntarily migrate from one host to anotner; (2) by the Wind, a very important agent, which might carry very young coccids over great distances; (3) by being carried from place to place by birds, insects, m~~als, and other similar agencies upon which the very yoang nr~phs may crawl. A pos-Sible fourth source is rivers upon which uprooted trees or brOken living branches may be carried many miles, to take root along the banks under favorable conditions. The writer has observed this to happen along the flats of the Saint Clair River, .Michigan, where infested willow and pop-lar trees sprang up from infested trees and limbs which had collected in drift. Prevention and Control 2! Scale Insects. Much care should be taken by orchardists and others setting out trees to see that they are absolutely free from scale infestation. This refers to the scions and bUds used in grafting end budding as well as to trees. In all cases it is well to insure freedom from coccids by wash-ing all such trees and scions in some solution such as lime-sulphur or whale-oil soap. These solutions should be strong enough to kill the insects but not so strong as to injure the trees. Fumigation with hydrocyanic acid gB;s might be ;' ',. ~ . ~, : .. : f; , o.l. c". used instead of washes. It is well to locate young orchards from old orchards or trees known to be infested with scales. Healthy trees are better able to withstand the attacks of coccids than are sickly trees, so the use of pruning, culti-vation. and fertilizers will aid a tree to resist such atta.cks. In case coccids have obtained a foot-hold in an orchard, some control measure is essential. Several remedies are generally well known to horticulturists. Spray-ing is undoubtedly the most effective and common method for scale insect control. Within certain limited areas the process of fumigation with hydrocyanic acid gas is very sat-istactory, and this method has proven of great value in the nursery bUsiness during the past decade. Of the sprays, commercial lime-sulphur solu-tion diluted with a quantity of water depending on its spe-Cific gravity is generally considered the best. The commer-Cial material generally has a specific gravity from 1.26 to 1.29%. It should be diluted by adding eight to ten parts of water to one part of the concentrated solution. This is then called the dormant spray. indicating the necessity of , I One type of barrel sprayer familiar to many Missouri orchard~ets. sprayer a wagon-box. arrangement for a emaIl home orchard. ( application during the dormant season. Certain miscible oils have proven valuable as scale sprays in many parts of this country. As a control measure, some of them rank with lime-sulphur • . On account of their somewhat higher price, they will not take the place of lime-sulphur among farmers. Kerosene oil emulsion is another spray solution that is of much value in combatting coccids. It appears to be of much value in controlling oviparous forms, because of its pene-tration thru the egg-shells of the over-wintering eggs. Lime-sulphur aolution has not the penetrative power of oil sprays, so that in order for it to be effective against ovip-arous species, it should be applied just at the time of the hatching of the eggs. Lime-sulphur solution consists of the following COmpounds: ealcium sulphid (caS). certain of the calcium pol-ysulphids (CaS3 and cas5 ), calcium sulphate (caS04 ), a large quantity of calcium thiosulphate (CaS203 ) • . and some calcium Sulphite (GaS03). Quite an excess of lime is present which settles out on standing. The insecticidal value of this spray is probably due to the various sulphur compounds pres-ent, such as sulphids. sulphites, sulphates, and thiosul-phates. In applying this mixture during a wet season. the soluable compounds, like the sulphids and thiosulphates. would be washed out. The sulphates and sulphites, being Slightly soluable in water, would disappear to some extent. leaving lime. Ca(OH)2. This would gradually absorb carbon di-oXide (C02) from the air, forming the insoluable calcium .1 carbonate (CaC03 ). Applied during a drought, gradual de-composition would take place. The thiosulphites would break up, liberating sulphur (S), and the sulphids and sul-ph1tes would probably oxidize to the sUlphates. The lime eventually changes to the carbonate (CaeO ), giving the tree 3 a coating of whi~e. The insecticidal value of miscible oils and of oil emulsions is the great power of penetration of the scale insects or eggs. No spray has been found for summer applica-tion that will do more than merely check the increase of the pests without injury to the tree. Summer treatment is re-sorted to only when winter treatment has been neglected or has been insufficient. Ten to fifteen percent kerosene oil emulsion, dilute miscible oils, or whale oil soap solution may be used for summer application. Poison insecticides are of no avail against scale insects, because of their habits of living and methods of feeding. Contact insecticides, those that kill by con-tact, are the only sprays that will kill and control coccids. Relations of Ants to Scale Insects. - - - :.;::;.:=.=- .;;;=.-..;;...-.. Ants have become associated with many sap-SUcking insects that excrete liquids. Certain species of ants eagerly seek this excretion, and many of them subsist entirely or at least to a large extent on such material. The Homoptera comprise the majority of these honey-dew ex-Creting insects. Plant lice rank first in importance in this respect. and scale insects rank second. The associa-tion is not always one-sided, because the ants return cer-tain services for the food they obtain. This symbiosis is more common in the case of aphids. but striking examples also OCcur in case of certain coccids. The gregarious and sedentary habits of scale insects facilitate the consociation of the ants with them. FOOd is thus easily obtained without much loss of time or energy. Often ants establish their nests in or near scale infested plants. Occasionally ants keep the coccids in their nests either all the time or only during the winter months. Ants crave the excretions of these sap-suck-ing insects, because there is a greater amount of invert sugar and less cane sugar in the voided liquid than occurs in the plant juices. All ants are not attracted by this sweetened fluid. Some are carniverous, feeding upon other insects and small animals. Other are granivorous, subsisting on seeds, while still others are fungus-feeding. In this country, the species of Lasius far excell all other ants in their mutualistic relations with honey-dew excreting insects. Coccids of the following generae have been found in associa-tion with ants: Akermes Ckll., Coccus Linn., Eriococcus Targ., !ermes BOit" Lecanopsis Targ., Margarodes Guild., Orthezia Bosc., Paleococcus Ckll., Phenacoccus Ckll., Pseudococcus Westw., and Ripersia Sign. i ,) Leoanium app. on Aeaoulus glabra p~otected by a oarton made by attending black wood-ants. Carton removed to show Lecanium sp~. in situ. Some of the facts that may emphasize the mu-tualistic relations between coccids and ants are : (1) Coccids do not attempt to escape from the ants. They accept their presence as a matter of course. (2) Ants do not kill coccids as they do certain other sedentary, defenseless or injured insects, such as grubs, caterpillars, etc. (3) Many coccidicolous ants. upon being disturbed. im-mediately grasp the coccids and carry them to some place of safety. This at least indicates a sort of ownership and interest in their helpless, soft-bodied "cows". (4) Ants often transfer coccids from the ant nests, or from one position to another on the same plant or on a dif-ferent plant. (5) Ants often construct galleries around the roots of plants or under the loose bark of trees. and in which the Scale insects move at will. This enables the coccids to ob-tain a maximum of food and this results in a maximum of se-cretion as food for the ants. (6) Ants often construct protective cartons of earth, frass, etc., over some sedentary co.ccids. ~!t .... . (7) Besides being solicitous ~6 the adult female coccids, ( the ants often take care of the eggs and the young of certain coccids. The ASSOCiation of Scale Insects. - - ~.=.=~ A question that is often asked by persons who assume a thorough understanding of the laws of heredity and i ,I eVolution is : "Do species or varieties originate by the as-sociation of two or more species living together on the same " food plant? So far as is known, no new species or varie-ties have originated by the intermixing of species. Hagen once said, in relation to this matter. that man would not live long enough to find one. Marlatt, on the other hand, states (79) that Aspidiotus ostraeformis Curt. and Aspidio-~ juglans-regiae Comst. have apparently cross-bred to form varieties with structural characters of each species. He also believes that A. ostraeformis and A juglans-regiae have arisen from a common ancestor. This point could well be proved, however, and the results Af such experiments would be of much value and interest to science. It is generally thought, however, that sO-called new species have long eXisted, but were only awai~ ing discovery by the sharp eyes of some entomologist, who is generally collecting in a somewhat unworked district. ~ Odor .2! ... C-.o-.c,;;"c.;;;:;.id.;;;:;.a_e ... e It has long been noted by some entomologists that various coccids have perceptable odors. Certain ones of the sub-family Coccinae have quite a strong musky smell. Ordinarilly there 1s no marked odor. but undoubtedly all scale insects possess one. Its purpose is probably to at-tract the male insect to the feII1lile. T. D. A. Cockerell Observed in New Mexico a male coccid of the sub-family jl) Monophlebinae run over the soil until it detected a spot where the female was buried. It then dug down to the fe-male. It most certainly detected its mate by the senae of smell. Upon the odor of coccida may depend the pos-sibilities of distribution of any particular scale insect. Where only one female insect is located on a twig, the chances for the fertilization of her eggs are few, at best, unless the odor of that particular species attracts the male from some neighboring twig or tree. That such does occur seems highly probable, for the writer has often found iso-lated female coccids either turgid with eggs or surrounded by young •. Barring the chances of parthenogenesis,no other explanation seems fitting. Habitat .Qi Scale Insects. The highest alt1tude at which any coccid has ever been found is above the timber line on Mt. Shasta. The elevat10n was between nine and ten thousand feet. Ehrhorn. (JH) in nineteen hundred two found Exaeretopus caricis Ehrh. attached to rocks after abandoning its food plant late in the fall. It is interest1ng to note that the writer has found a new species of the same genus 1n Missouri under dif-ferent conditions. The elevation where E. boonei sp. n. Was found is apprOXimately five hundred feet. It was firm-ly attached to its host plant, a twig of white elm. The lOwest elevat10n at which any coccid has been reported 1s sea level. Undoubtedly some species occur even below the j 4 level of the sea, in certain basins or valleys where the water does not drain, such as occur around the Dead Sea, in Asia. Regarding extremes of latitude. certain scale insects have been found as far north as Alaska and as far South as Terra del Fuego, New Zealand, etc. Collecting Coccidae. The first requisites in collecting scale insects are keen observation and discrimination. Without them the student will never be successfUl. Many times the beginner will overlook specimens or he will think he has scales before him when they will prove to be something else. AleyrOdids, aphids, cert~in fungi, or even lenticles, the natural openings in the bark of plants will often be mis-taken for coccids. A little practice, however, will teach one to discriminate between these objects and scale insects. Coccidae occur on all kinds of plants, forest trees, fruit trees, shade trees, shrubbery, and even on per-ennials, annuals, and grasses. Scarsely any plant is immune from these insects. The majority of coccids in this latitude occurs on the bark of the trunk or branches of trees and shrubs. However, some occur only in galls. Others occur only Upon leaves. Others occur on roots. still others live in ant nests. The varied habits of these insects make col-lecting all the more fascinating. The necessary equipment in collecting is rel-atively simple and uncumbersome. A vasculum or a good-sized i ') market basket may be used to bring back collected materials, tools, etc. A sharp, strong bladed knife, a pair of tweez-ers, a heavy pair of hand pruning shears, a small hatchet, and an old curved umbrella handle or cane all prove useful. A number of different sized paper bags or envelopes should always be taken along. Small vials of various sizes, to-gether with a wad of cotton batting prove of much value at times. All collections should be labled with the exact lo-cality, date, host plant, position on the plant, and the COllector's name. As Sanders says (51'): "When you have collected as much of any species as you think necessary, collect as much more; it will never come amiss,- always collect pleDty, if possible." The best plan for the beginner in this work is to start collecting from trees in town. Generally old trees will be more heavily infested than young trees. After some of the common scale insects have become well known in this way, collecting should be extended to open woods, along the banks of streams, around the margins of marshes, or even to grassy lands interspersed with native trees and shrubs. A few hours could be well spent making collections of the speCies that frequent greenhouse plants. After a few months Of this general collecting, a good plan would be to list those spec1es, together with their host plants, known to occur in about the same latitude as your town and then make speCial and careful examination of all such host plants. This is apt to accomplish the desired results, and may bring entirely new species to light. Finally, always be on the I .1 lookout for new and rare species. Preservation of Coccidae. Scale insects are preserved in different ways depending on the nature of the coccid. Diaspinae, Kermes, COccinae, Ortheziinae, etc., are dried in situ on the bark or tWigs. Mealy bugs and other soft bodied coccids may be preserved in 8~/c alcohol. Materials to be preserved in situ IIIllSt be dried before mounting permanently in glass vials, etc., Otherwise moulds and mildews may destroy the specimens. The writer finds that spool boxes and collar boxes are ideal Containers for fresh materials. The pasteboard absorbs the moisture from the green wood, thus preventing the groWth of fungi. Scale insects, such as Aspidiotus comstocki Johns., which Occur on leaves may be preserved by placing the leaves between blotting papers. This thoroughly drys them and at the Bame time prevents the curling of the leaves if some light weigbt is apl)lied. for pressure. After the materials have thoroughly dried, they may be mounted permanently. The method used depends upon individual preference. The specimens ma.y be pinned firmly upon ordinary mounting blocks. Each block is labled With the names of the genus and. species, the locality, the date, and the collector. Large specimen cases with a well arranged series of mounts makes a pleasing appearance. Some prefer the use of shell vials in which .' , ~ the coccid materials are preserved. Complete data should accompany each specimen and thickly infested material should be used. if possible. Care must be taken that ants, psocids. museum pests, etc., do not feed upon the materials. They may Occasionally spoil some very good specimens. Coccid materials should be fumigated at intervals the same as for a general collection of insects. Technique. In studying Coccidae and their preparation. the personal equation must necessarily be involved. No two individUals follow out methods of procedure in exactly the same way. However, there are several fundamental operations that must be followed. The majority of taxonomical characters of scale insects are microscopic. Special preparation of the SpeCimens is therefor necessary in order to reveal the small details of anatomy. The writer has used the following tech-nique in the preparation of the Diaspinae or armored coccids, (1) Remove the insect from beneath the scale. For this operation use a dissecting microscope or a bi-nocular. If the insect is alive, it is well to puncture its anterior dorsal wall with a needle point. This hastens the process of Clearing. as described below. (2) Drop the specimens into a small Jena beaker con-taining ten percent caustic potash (KOH). Bring this just to a boil, and keep it hot until the body contents have been ,_ i removed. Never boil the insects vigorously. There is dan-ger of either destroying the pygidial fringe of characters or the coccids may be lost entirely by adhering to the walls of the beaker or by being thrown out by the breaking bubbles. The period of heating necessary for any lot of specimens will Vary, depending on the size and condition of the material. In heating the material, the beaker is placed upon a ring-stand with fine brass wire mesh for a rest. An ordinary Bunsen burner turned low supplies the heat. (3) Wash and heat the insects in distilled water. This removes the potash and much of the decomposed body contents. By merely bringing the water to near the boiling point will accomplish this purpose. (4) Dehydrate the cleared material. This is done by transferring the insects from the distilled water to a watch glass containing 95% alcohol. The specimens should be left in the alcohol from a few minutes to half an hour. They may be left longer, if desired, for no damage is done the speci-mens by prolonged immersion. (5) Stain the specimens. ' Some method of staining is absolutely necessary if all details of anatomy are to be re-vealed. The writer has used Acid Fuchsin or 1mgenta Red, an alcoholic stain, with excellent results. The formula Used is : one gram of Magenta Red to two hundred cubic cen-timeters of ninety-five per-cent alcohol. The technique Used by the writer varies from that of other workers. The coccids ure not transferred to separate staining dishes, as most writers recommend, but , are stained directly on the slide which is to be the permanent mount. This facilitates operations and enables the staining process to be closely W&tched. The specimens are carefully transferred from the alcohol to a glass slide. An occasional drop of alcohol 1s added during transferring so that the specimens will, not dry out. A drop of the :Magenta Red solution is added and is allowed to almost evaporate completely. This impregnates ;s the bOdy structures of the coccid. This processArepeated once or twice until the specimens are uniformly and thorough-ly stained. (6) A drop of ninety-five per-cent alcohol is again applied, and the rims of stain surrounding the coccids . are dissolved. The insects . are then moved carefully so ~s to lie near each other in one, two or three rows, depending on the number of specimens. This alignment of specimens fa-cilitates study and comparison of parts. The alcohol is allowed to almost wholly evaporate, but not to such a degree that the pygidia or sides of the body are dried completely and curl up. A few drops of carbo-xylene is now applied and the process of dehydration and clearing is completed. (7) The coccids are now mounted. An excess of liquid is removed from the slide and a drop of xylene-balsam is ap-plied OVer the bodies of the coccids. A cover-glass is now care!1llly put in place and is held firmly by a small clamp. This allows only a thin layer of balsam to cover the insects. COVer-glasses should be very thin, and either circular or Square. The glass slides should be three by one inches, pre-.. ' . ferably with ground-glass edges and about two millimeters in thickness. The technique relative to the mounting of non-diaspine coccids is similar to the above operations from number (2) through number (7). Wi th certain of the Cocclnae however, the writer has found it advisable to carefUlly dls-sect the ventral surface from the dorsal surface. These are mounted either side by side on the same mount or sepa-rate mounts are made of each part. This enables exact measurements and unobscured observations of the legs, anten-nae, dermal glands, etc. Metamorphoses .Q.!: Transformations .2.f Coccids. All insects undergo some change or other in their development from the egg to the sexually mature adult. The vast majority pass through either a complete or an in-Complete metamorphOSis. The family of Coccidae is the only group of insects that is known to embrace both forms of de-velopment. In all males the complete metamorphosis occurs. All female coccids have an incomplete change. The several sub-families of scale insects have somewhat different metamorphoses. The Diaspinae com-prise about as many Missouri coccids as all other sub-orders together. It will therefore be considered first. The newly born or newly hatched nymph is Oroadly oval and much flattened dorsally. It has three pairs of legs, a pair of antennae, well-formed piercing mouth-parts and one pair of compound eyes. Its period of activity varies from a few minutes to several hours. . This depends upon the situation in which the young are born or hatched and upon the quality of the surrounding food. In some cases the Y9ung do not move from beneath the mother's scale. In other cases they migrate several inches to several feet. Their period of activity ends when the beak is inserted in the tissues, for the young insect seldom moves from its chosen position. A secretion of delicate, cottony wa~ is now produced and this soon .covers the body. A denser layer of wax is soon formed beneath these cottony filaments. It is the beginning of the true scale. The first-formed cot-tony material generally weathers away. The nymph soon mOults and the moulted s~in or exuvia becomes incorporated in the waxy secretion. This exuvia is either covered with a layer of wax or is naked. This depends upon the amount of wax secreted by the young insect before moulting. With the first moult the insect, if the female, looses its legs and eyes. Its antennae remain only as rudimentary, hair-like organs. Its mouth-parts are still well developed and con-Sist of four long, slender setae. These are sometimes forced several millimete2s into the tissues of the host plant. The second moult takes place in a relatively short time. l~o great change is noticed at this time, except the presence of Circular gland pores surrounding the vaginal Opening on the ventral surface near the caudal end of her bOdy. The function of these pores is probably to coat the eggs with powdery secretion as they are being laid. This prevents the eggs from adhering.· to each other. Growth con-· . , tinues and copulation occurs. Oviposition soon results and takes place over quite a period of time, or, in ovovivipar-ous females the young are slowly born. The male insect at the start is very similar to the young female. The first moults of both sexes are synchronous and somewhat similar. The male larva, however, retains its eyes but looses its antennae and legs. Later in this stage rudimentary wing padS and rUdimentary legs are seen through the skin of the larva. Soon a second moult occurs and the pupal stage is reached. Long antennae are present and embryonic legs and wings are clearly discernalle. It has, however, lost its mouth-parts, but has acquired an additional set of eyes in their place. A third moult occurs in which the adul~ winged male insect emerges. In .the remaining sub-families which are repre-sented in Missouri, the metamorphoses are quite different from those of the Diaspinae, but are so nearly alike that they may be discussed together. In the Monophlebinae the females secrete be-hind their soft, unprotected bodies a large white, cottony egg-sac. The females are not active thruout their entire lives but become affixed. Their metamorphosis is incomplete. The adult males are small, delicate, two-winged insects, and they have a complete metamorphosis. In the Ortheziinae the females are active thruout their entire lives. They carry their eggs around with them in a marsupium. They have the incomplete metamorphOSiS while the small, two-winged males have the Complete change of form. The Dactylopinae comprise " , mealy bugs, etc. Some of the females retain their locomo-tion thruout their lives, while others loose their appendages at the tirst moult and become fixed. The females undergo Wl incomplete change, while the males pass thru a complete trans-formation similar to the males of the other subfamilies. The COc·cinae are somewhat ~iverse in their habits. Some are na-ked and retain the power of locomotion through out their lives. Others are naked and move about only in the you."'lg stage. Still others are naked or partially covered with se-cretion and retain th~ir power of locomotion only in the younger stages. The males of all are essentially the same. Classification. The Hemiptera-Homoptera have been generally diVided into nine families, all of which are closely re-lated. However, two main groups are easily recognized. The first group includes the larger forms, such as the cicadas, lantern flies, tree-hoppers, spittle insects and leaf-hop-pers. These have three-segmented tarsi, and the trophi or mouth-parts arise from the front of the head. The other group, represented by the jumping plant-lice, the true plant-lice , the aleyrodea, and the scale insects, are generally small and they have the trophi arising apparently from be-tween the bases of the front legs. Each tarsal group is either one or two segmented. The Coccidae is distinguished from the most Closely related families of the Homoptera, namely, the Aleurodidae, Aphididae, and Psyllidae by the fact that each " r .• 4 tarsus bears but a single claw, and is one-segmented, with few exceptions. In the above mentioned closely related families, the tarsi are normally bi-segmented. and terminate in two ungues or claws. The females of the Coccidae are always wingless and the males generally have but one pair of Wings. Both sexes of the white flies, the aphids, and the psyllids. representatives of the above closely related fami-lies, generally possess two pairs of wings. In the imma-ture o~ stationary stage, however, certain of these insects bear a striking resemblance to scale insects. This is well shown in the nymphal stages of the AleyrOdidae and Psyllidae and occaSionally among the Aphididae, notably the aberrant ~rataphis lataniae, the "black seed-scale" of English hort-iCulturists and floriculturists. The classification of the Coccidae in the or-der Hemiptera follows: Order: Hemiptera - metamorphosis of at least the female incomplete; piercing and sucking mouth-parts; four wings generally present. Sub-order: Homoptera - wings, when present, of the same thickness through-out; beak arising from the ventral surface of the head behind the anterior margin. A •••• Tarsi more than two jOinted; beak arising from near the ventral anterior margin of the head; antennae setaceous ••••• (Fami11es: Cicadidae, Fulgor1dae, Cercopidae, Jassidae, and Membra-cidae. ) AA •••• Tarai two jOinted or less; beak arising from the posterior portion of the ventral part of the head, apparently from between the front legs; antennae generally filiform or moniliform, and prominent ••••• (Families: Psyllidae, Aphididae, Aleyrodidae, and Coccidae.) B •••• Tarsi usually two segmented; two pairs of wings sometimes present ••••• (Families: Psyllidae. Aphididae. and Aleyrodidae.) BB •••• Tarsi rarely two segmented, commonly one seg-mented; one pair of wings present in most males; females scale-like, sac-like or gall-like ••••• (Family: Coccidae.) Classification ~ ~ Missouri Coccidae. This large family is subdivided into more or less distinct groups called sub-families. The number varies With the different coccidologists. Signoret divided the coccids into four groups. Green made eleven. Cockerell in this country classified all species under but ten sub-fami-lies, while Bradley used nine. Ashmead limited the number to four. The subd~vision of this family seems to be more or less arbitrary. although it follows fairly definite lines. All coccids known to occur in Missouri may well be placed under the following simple classification WhiCh includes five sub-families: A •••• Adult female always sedentary and completely covered by a secreted, waxy scale in which the moulted skins or exuviae are incorporated; anus not surrounded \ by hairs; ultimate segment with projecting or emarginate lobes. and with spines or fringed plates on the caudal margin ••••• D1asp1nae. AA ••• Adult female not covered by a secreted waxy scale in which the moulted skins are incorporated; B •••• Adult female with the abdominal extremity cleft; anus covered and proteoted by two more or less triangular, chitinous plates ••• Coccinae. BB •••• Adult female with the caudal extremity of abdomen not cleft; anus not covered by triangular plates ••••• C •••• Adult female without setae surrounding the anal ring; antennae with ten or eleven segments; a long, dense. cottony egg-sac secreted from the posterior ventral surface of the abdomen •••• Monophlebinae. CC •••• Adult female with the anus surrounded and protected by stout setae ••••• D •••• Adult female more or less covered with heavy waxy lamellae; relatively long-legged; antennae normally eight segmented; marsupium present ................ ' ••••• Ortheziinae. DD •••• Adult female not covered with heavy waxy lamellae; heavy waxy Orthezia-like marginal lamellae rarely present, antennal segmentation variable; 3/J marsupium absent; legs not abnormally long ••••••••••••••••• Dactylopinae. Table Showing ~ Distribution of 1h! Generae ~ Species in ~ Five Sub-Families. --[Ub-familZ ••••• Generae ••• Old Species •• New Species •• Total. - Species. Me nOphlebinae ••••• l •••••••••• l ••••••••••••• O ••••••• 1 Ortheziinae ••••••• l •••••••••• 2 ••••••••••••• 0 ••••••• 2 -Dactylopinae •••••• 7 ••••••••• 11 •••••••••••• 10 ••••••• 2.' 10 D1aspinae •••••••• lO ••••••••• 4S •..•.•.••..•• S ••••••• 4' --Grand Total •••••• 2& ••••••••• 6' •••••••••••• lH ••••••• 80 --li.L t...(i! ~ ~ . .{ i/~ Due to the fact that the sub-family Diaspinae cOmprises over one-half of the coccids discussed in this report. it 1s thought best to devote Part One to them alone. Part Two contains the discussions of the remaining groups. 3J PAR T 0 U E. The D I ASP I N A E C 0 C C I D A E. Genus Aspidiotus Bouche. The old genus Aspidiotus Bouche is now con-sidered to have been composed of several main groups. Sci-entific progress has warranted the adoption of a few of the generic and sub-generic names as proposed by various authors. Comstock was the first man in this country to indicate a sub-division. In his "Second Report on Scale Insects tl (1%9) he did not propose sub-generic Ilames, but his key to classification of the Aspidiotus was set off into definite grmups. These groups correspond to the genera and SUb-generae of some of our scientific investigators. The SUb-genus Chrysomphalus Ashm. was raised to generic rank in 1880. Targionia Signoret was set off as a genus in 1870. Odonaspis Leon. was recognized &enerically in 1897. CrYptophyllaspis Ckll. and Selanaspidis Ckll. also reached generic rank in 1897. Of those groups that still retain their sub-generic Position, Aspidiotus sensus stricta, Diaspidiotus, and Kemiberlesia are the most important. Aspidiotus sensus stricts includes those spe-Cies in which the exuviae are naked and the scales light COlored. The lobes of the pygidium are widely separated and the plates are well developed and prominently fringed. There are no interlobular incisions of the body wall, nor are ( ) . , ) . ~ Me paraphyses present. The suecies not of killerican origin, but "" /I are indigenous to the Old Continent, especially in the warm-er parts of the temperate zones. The type species of this SUb-genus is Alilpidiotus hederae (Vall.) Diaspidiotus Berl. & Leon. was established for several species belonging to different groups. No type was designated, but Aspidiotus encylus (Putn. ) was included So it may be taken as the type. The exuviae are covered with secretion and the scales are generally dark colored. As a rule, the median lobes are nearly contiguous, and there are distinct parapheses in the interlobular incisions. This group. as a whole. belongs to the "North Temperate Zone. although a few occur outside of this region. Hemiberlesia Ckll. comprises those species in which the scale is quite convex and of a light color. The median lobes of the pygidium are well developed. while the others are lacking or very rudimentary. This sub-genus appears to be indigenous solely to America. occurring most-ly in the warmer regions. Aspidiotus ~ Johns. is the only scale insect of this group native to this state. A k~y to the genus Aspidlotus Bouche follows: A ••• Scale light colored; exuviae naked; paraphes absent; ••• ••••••• ••••••••••••••••• ASpidiotus sensus stricta. !A •• Scale generally dark colored; exuviae covere~ith secre-tion; paraphyses present.(Diaspidiotus Berl & Leon. and Hemlberlesia Ckll.) B •• Scale generally dark colored; flat to slightly convex; anal opening usually small; median lobes fairly well developed •••••••••••••••• Diaspidiotus Berl. & Leon. BB •• Scale light colored; very convex; anal opening generally very large; second and third pairs of lobes rudimen-tary or wanting •••••••• Hemiberlesia Cockerell. Sub-genus Aspidiotus sensus stricta. A· ••• Tubular wax ducts elongate; length of each greater than five times its diameter; median lobes about three times as wide as the second pair of lobes; anal opening large •• Aspidiotus cyanophYlli Sign. AA ••• Tubular wax ducts short and stubby; length of each less than five times its diameter; median lobes but little wider than the second pair of lobes; anal opening relatively small ••••••••••••••••••• •••••••••••••••••••• Aspidiotus hederae (Vall.) Sub-genus Diaspidiotus Berl. & Leon. A·· •• Pygldium with two pairs of well developed lobes ••••••• B •••• Second pair of lobes as long or longer than the med-ian pair •••••••••••• Aspidiotus comstovki Johns. BB •••• Second pair of lobes shorter than the median lobes •• c •••• Groups of circumgenital gland pores absent; three stubby. apically fringed plates cephalo-laterad of the second interlobular incision •••••••••••• •• •••••••••••••••• Aspidiotus perniciosus Comst. CC •••• Groups of circumgenital gland pores present ••••••• D •••• Tubular wax duets filamentous and capitate •••••• E •••• Anal opening very near the tip of pygidium; tubular wax ducts fairly numerous, one duct opening between the median lobes; plates simple; second pair of lobes on the outer margins ••••••• Aspidiotus forbesi Johns. EE •••• Anal opening near the cephalic ends of the ventral thickenings; tubular wax ducts very numerous, none opening between the median lobes; plates laterad of melian and second pairs of lobes fringed; second pai~ of lobes broad, low, and unnotched ••••••••••••••••••. •••••••••••••• Aspidiotus tOxYcrataegii sp. n. DD •• Tubular wax ducts cylindrical, rather long, and of the same diameter as the dorsal pores ••••••••••• E •• Anal opening very small; pygidium rather large; plates simple; median lobes deeply notched on the outer margins; second pair of lobes approx-imate to the median pair an4 notched on the outer margins; five groups of circumgenital gland pores present •••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •••••••••••••• Aspidiotus juglans-regiae Comst. EE •• Anal opening rather large; plates fringed; median lobes deeply notched on both margins; secoud pair of lobes broad, tapering and unnotched; four groups of circumgenital gland pores pres-ent •••••••••••• ASpidiotus townsendi Ckll. AA· •• P.ygidium with well developed median lobes; second and third pairs of lobes rudimentary or lacking ••••••••••••• B •• Tubular wax ducts of same diameter thruout •••••••••••••• C •• Tubular wax ducts long; dorsal pores arranged in prom-inent, well defined rows; no dorsal pore opening near the margin between the fourth and fifth pairs of spines; apex of pygidium quite angular ••••••••• •••••••••••••••••••• Aspidiotus osborni New. & £!1l. CC •• Tubular wax ducts relatively short; dorsal pores more obscure and not so definitely arranged in rows; dorsal pore generally near the margin between the fourth and fifth pairs of spines; apex of pygidium rounded and broa~ ••••• Aspidiotus ancylus (Putn.) BB •• Tubular wax ducts more or less filamentous and capi-tate; median lobes prominent and notched on both margins; plates fringed •• Aspidiotus uvae Comst. Sub-genus Hemiberlesia Cockerell. A •••• Groups of circumgenital gland pores present; anal openi~ moderately large; tubular wax ducts fairly numerous; a tubular wax duc) opening between the median lobes ••• ••• •••••••••• ' •••••••••• Aspidiotus lataniae Sign. AA ••• Groups of circumgenital gland pores absent •••••••••••••• B ••• Anal opening very large; relatively few tubular wax ducts; no tubular wax duct opening between the med-ian lobes; median lobes approximate; paraphyses sub-equal ••••••••••••••••• Aspidiotus camelliae Sign. BB ••• Anal opening small; numerous tubular wax ducts; a tu-bUlar wax duct opening between the median lobes; ') I ,) , ) median lobes very large and separated; paraphyses unequal in size; paraphysis caudad of the first in-cision large and clavate •• Aspidiotus ~ Johns. Aspidiotus ancylus (Putnam). ? Aspidiotus circularis Fitch. (1856) ~iaspis ancylus 1~tnam.(1877) !spidiotus ancylus Putnam. (1879) This coccid was found and f~rst described in 1877 by Putnam during his study of Pulvinaria vitis (Linn.) ona soft maple tree in Iowa. He reported this scale from silver maple (Acer saccharinum L.), European linden (Tilia europea) and only found it on these trees when infested by R. viti~ (Linn.) This coccid has two common names, "Put-namls Scale" and the "Eccentric Scale". It is generally distributed thruout the United States, having been recorded from: California. Colo-rado, Delaware, District of Columbia, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana. Iowa. Kansas, Louisiana, :Marylend, Massachusetts, llichigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, New Jersey. New Mexico. New York, Ohio, Texas, Virginia, Washington and Wisconsin. It probably has even a wider distribution than this would indicate. It has also been reported from Canada and Germany. In ~issouri this species has been found in those counties indicated on the map showing its distribution. This scale is sometimes found massed in groups several layers deep, and in this respect resembles Aspidiotus !orbesd Johns. and A. juglans-regiae Comst. This habit, however, is not always characteristiC, for the writer has f ) .) 4 often collected this insect in a more or less scattered ar-rangement on the bark, which indicates that gregariousness does not always occur. This insect attacks the plant from the crown up to the small twigs, generally locating them-selves where the bark is not too hard or thick. The writer has collected thiS coccid on the roots as well as the trunk and twigs of Rhus glabra L., the smooth sumach. It would seem that the position this insect takes is due either to individual preference or to certain external agents. In some parts of this country this coccid has been reported as being destructive to certain fruit and shade trees, but the writer has never found this species to occur in injurious numbers in Missouri. A. ancylus (Putn.) can live on a large vari-ety of plants. Some of its recorded host plants are : apple, apricot, ash, American mountain ash, beech, bladder-nut, box-elder, cherry, chestnut, Clethra alnifolia, cotton-wOOd, cranberry, currant, dog-wood, elm, Eleagnus reflexa, gOoseberry, hackberry, haw~thorn, hickory, honey loc~st, hon-ey sUckle, Ilex verticillata, lilac, linden, water locust, black maple, soft majIe, sugar maple, tiorway maple, oak, Osage-orange, orange, peach, pear, plum, quince, snow-ball, SPiraea arnicus, Syringa vulgaris, tulip tree, willow, birch and hemlock. In Missouri this species has been found on those host plants listed on page3~J. An asterisk (*) indi-cates new records for this insect. This coccid hibernates over winter as a half-<) . ,) I) / / . Pygldium of Aspldlotus anoylus (Putn.) The known distribution of Missouri Coccidae.-Albert Harold Hol/inger. Aspidlotus anoylus (Putn.) grown adult in this state. This female is more developed than either Aspidiotus forbesiJohns. or A. perniciosus Comst. at this time, and the young females are less convex than either of its near relatives. There is but one generation each year. This coccid is attacked by certain parasites and predacious enemies. Coccophagus aurantii , a parasite, and certain Coccinellidae or lady-bird beetles have beenre-ported from this insect. The technical description of A. ancylus is aa follows: i cale of male: Elongate oval, smaller than the scale of the ei ma1e ; about .5 mm. long; exuviae SUb-marginal: color is a milar to that of the scale of the female. ¥hale of female: Diameter 1 to 2 mm.; circular; moderately 1ck and tougli:flat or slightly convex; color dark gray, bluiah_gray, or almost black; exuviae generally sub-central ~d brick-red to dark brown; ventral scale white and very in. ~Ult female: Nearly circular; about 1 mm. in diameter: yel-bowiah-white with blotches of yellow; apex of pygidium trownish, due to chitinization;pygldlum broadly rounded on che lateral margins; median lobes prominent, and apparently oO~Verging; with rudimentary second and third pairs of lobes; lU er margins of median lobes notched about one-third their aengths from the apices; inner margins parallel and entire; b:ices rounded; interlobular inCisions present; ~araphises i ween the median lobes large; the inner paraphysIs 0 each a~Cision somewhat lar.ger than the outer; plates cephalo-later-Or Of the median and second pairs of lobes slightly fringed j serrate, and two in number; three simple plates occur m~at cephalo-laterad of the third rudimentary lobes; in well-thunted specimens three small, Simple plates occur between f1e fourth and fifth pairs of spines; spines located as in t~e; anal onening oval; its width two times and its length Ca ee times the diameter of a oircumgenital gland pore; 10-1 ~ed about twice its length from the apices of the median f~u!s; circumgenital gland pores present, and arranged in or five variable groups, as follows: INVEST IG ATOR ••••••••• AlITER lOR •• Al~TERIOR ••• POSTERIOR ••••• MEDIAN LATERALS LATERALS. comstOck ••••••••••••• 0 to 6 •••• 6 to 14 •••• 5 to 8 ••••••• -Sanders •••••••••••••• 0 to 6 •••• 5 to 14 •••• 4 to 8 ••••••• Herrick •••••••••••••• 2 to 3 •••• 6 to 10 •••• 4 to 9 ••••••• *-* * D. & M. • • • • • • • • • • • • • 0 to 5 •••• 8 to 17 •••• I,) to 8 ••••••• HOllinger •••••••••••• 0 to 4 •••• 3 to 15 •••• 3 to 11 •••••• Limit of Variation ••• 0 to 6 •••• 3 to 17 •••• 3 to 11 •••••• -~orsal pores of medium size, and from twenty to twenty-five on each side of the meson; distributed in fairly distinct rows; one occurring between the median lobes, three to five oCCurring between the second and median lobes, one just cephalo-laterad of the base of the rudimentary second lobe, the remaining pores more or less irregularly placed; tubular ~x dUcts cylindrical and relatively short; basal and ventral iCkenings as shown in figure. ~: Lemon-yellow color, and hatching 18th. September, 1916. 19ung insect: Lemon-yellow color; broadly oval and flat. Aspidiotus carntelliae Signoret. ~sPidiotus camelliae Signoret. (1869) ? ~idiotus acuminatus ' Targioni. (1877 - 1878) !Spidiotus convexus Comstock. (1881) - in part. ~8Pidiotus rapax Comstock. (1881) ~8Pidiotus euonymi Targioni. (1888) ~J)idlotus lucumae Ckll. & Towns. (1899) - in MS. ~8Pidiotus flavescens Green. (1889) ~mlberlesia camelliae Saccardo. (1895) ~a8pl~ circulata Green. (1896) *** Dietz & ~:lorrison. ! 1 , .j ! "Gr d " ~ " ee y i:>c a l.G ' • This insect pest is commonly called the It was first described by o::;ignoret in 1869 under its present name. It has subsequently been knovm under several generic and specific names. In this country Comstock first found this insect in California and later in Florida upon the trunks, limbs, leaves and fruits of several trees and shrubs. He confused this species with Aspidiotus £onvexus Comst., and in his first report on scale insects he mentioned the close resamblance of the scales of that spe-cies to those of A. rapax Comst. (: camelliae Sign.) Un-dOUbtedly Comstock, thru some oversight, had used the scales Of!. camelliae Sign. in his descriptions of both A. rapax Comst. and A. convexus Comst. According to Perg~~de, (~4) the name"convexus" refers to the convex scale of "camelliae". In all probability, this species is indigenous to Southern Europe. It was first introduced into this coun-try in California, probably from Australia. This pest has been reported from many foreign countries: Australia, Brazil, Europe, Hawaiian Islands. 1Iexico, !Jatal, New Zealand, Peru, Sandwich Islands, South Africa and the ~1est Indies. In this country it has been found in many greenhouses in : California, Indiana, Louisi-ana, MiSSiSSippi, New Uexico, OhiO, Oregon,Texas and Wash-Ington, as well as WashIngton, D. C. This coccid undoubt-edly occurs in many other localities, as it is occasionally found on citrus fruits on the market. The list of food Plants is very large, and the insect receives its common name from the fact that it is such an omniverous feeder. '~ ;I , , l. ,ii / ,/ / , Pygidium of Aspidiotus oamelliae Signoret The known distribution of Missouri Coccidae.-Albert Harold Holfinger. Aspidiotus oamelliae Sign. SAI\TON DADE JASPER LAW NE.wTON 8A.RRY "'~ nON. I Some of the hosts of A. camelliae Sign. are: ~ acalia, almond,apple, birch, buck-brush, camellia, camphor. Ceanothus cuneatus, chapparal broom ( Baccharis pilularis), cherrY,Cissus, Coprosma, cottonwood, elm, English ivy, Eu-calyptus, Euonymus, fig, fuchsia, Genista. grape. heath (Erica), mountain holly, honey locust, Japanese quince, Cal-ifornia laurel, English laurel, Lavetera, Leucodendron ar-genteum, lemon, locust, loquat, maple, mistletoe, Myo sperum , myrtle, nightshade, olive, orange, palms, passion vine, pear, pepper tree, Pittisporum, pomegranate, quince, red-bUd, Rhamnus crocea, rose, sage, Sedum, silver-tree, Strelitzia, tea, umbrella tree, English walnut, willOW, yam (Dioscorea). Aphelinus fuscipennis How., an internal hymen-opterous parasite, attacks this insect and often materially redUces its numbers. The technical description of this coccid fol-lows: ~ale of male: Similar in texture and color to the female a~~le; small, elongate; moderately convex; exuviae sub-later-~~le of female: Diameter about 1.5 mm.; circular; thin to lu erately thick; very convex; grayish to whitish and trans-c cent, often showing the insect's body beneath; exuviae sub-sentral and covered by.secretion; dark brown; ventral scale nOWY-white and often entire. ~Ult female: Nearly circular; yellow in color, with tip of ~domen rather heavily chitinizod; segmentation distinct; m-aidium rather broad with rounded apex and lateral margins; n~tian lobes very prominent, bread, and projecting; sharply o ched near the apex on the inner margins, and about mid-way t~lthe outer margins; lobes distinctly converging; second and rd lobes rudimentary being represented by sharp pointed prominences from the body wall- inter-lobular incicions res-:nt; ~araphyses sub-equal and ~oa escent; plates fringed and Imple; two apically fringed plates between the median lobes; two laterally fringed plates between the median and second lobes; three plates between the second and third lobes, the middle one simple, the other two apically fringed or deeply incised; two simple plates cephalo-laterad of the rudimentary POinted third lobe; spines as shown in figure; anal opening very large and circular- located less than its diameter from the apices of the medi~ lobes; groups of circum~enital gland pores absent; dorsal gland pores small and not a undant; grOuped as follows: none between median lobes; one to four between the median and second lobes; five to eight in a more or less curved row extending cephalad from the interlobular inCision between the second and third lobes; one laterad of this row; tubular wax ducts short and filamentous, capitate and unipistonate; micrmpores, ventral pygidial setae, basal and ventral thickenings as in figure. Aspidiotus comstocki Johnson Under the name of the "Maple-leaf Aspidiotus", JOhnson, then of the University of Illinois, first mentioned this insect from Mt. Carmel, Illinois, in 1896. This coccid, aa its name implies, was named in honor of Comstock. This scale insect is confined to the United States, and has been reported from the following states: Illinois , Indiana, Iowa. New York, and Ohio. It undoubtedly OCCurs in other parts of the countrY,as well. Its distribu-tion in some of these states see!!lS to be quite general. In Llissouri , the writer has . collected it only in Boone County. This insect causes the leaves of the sugar maple, Acer saccharum l1arsh, to become spotted with yellow. This color contrasts strongly with the dark green color of the leaves when a tree is severely infested. The yellow Spots become apparent along in July, and they remain very not1cable until late in the summer. The effect of' the f'eed-ing of this coccid is to cause the leaves to fall prematurely. It differs from most other scale insects by ~ ,) - -', \ Aspidiotus comstocki Johns. on a leaf of sugar m~ple, Acer saccharum. Slightly reduced. Male and female scales of Aspidiotus ~ometooki Johns. Greatly enlarged. feeding generally on the leaves. As a rule, it settles on the lower surface at the juncture of two strong veins. The writer has also found well-formed scales,in a few instances, on the upper surface of leaves, along the leaf-stem, and at the base of the petiole. Johnson states that the partly grown females hibernate under the leaf-buds. The range in hatching giyes this insect quite a varied seasonal history. Young,Crawling scale insects were observed on leaves on June fifteenth and on July eighteenth, 1916, while egg-laying was oCCUrring on the leaves of one tree on August eleventh, 1916. The brood from these eggs undoubtedly passed the winter under the leaf-buds. The only known host for A. comstocki Johns. 1s Acer saccharum Marsh, the sugar maple. This host plant has also gone under the name of A. saccharinum Wang., but this name is correctly applied to the white or silver maple, and not to the sugar maple. This insect is probably not so often carried br birds as are some of the other Diaspinae, because of the ~eculiar habits of this species. With this exseption, it is ~robably carried both locally and great distances the same as all other id c.occ s. It is attacked by small hymenopterous para-Sites in Missouri, but they have not been identified. JUst What role they play in checking this shade tree pest is not ltnown, but undoubtedly they are of much value. The technieal description follows: ~ale Of male: Elongate-oval; about 1 Mm. long and .5 mm. Pygidium of Aspidiotus comstocki Johnson The known distrihution of Missouri Coccidae .-. J fhert II amid Ilof/ill/!,cr. Aspidiotus comstocki Johns. I Wide; quite flat and translucent; crea~·-white at the margins but darker surrounding the exuvia; exuvia yello'."Jish or bro'wn-ish; SUb-marginal to sub-central. ~ale of female: Circula.r to elongate-oval or triangular, aepending upon its position on the leaf; length about 1.3 rum . and width about .8 rnm. to 1.3 TIl!Il.; quite flat, thin and semi-transparent or translucent; creamy-white color on the margins and a creamy-buff color over the exuviae; exuviae central or SUb-central; brownish or yellowish, but sometimes cre~~·~t~hite, making the scale unicolorous; whitish powder covering he entire scale. !SUIt female: Rather small, Circular, and yellowish; ¥Yfidi-Em chitinized with bro\vn; small and somewhat angular ahe ape~; median and second pairs of lobes sub-equal, prominent, pro~ecting, parallel, and the second pair often exceeds the ~~d~an lobes in length; median pair slightly breader than e second pair; median lobes notched on both margins near th~ apices; second pair of lobes notched on both margins at PO~nts about mid-way .their length; third pair of lobes rudi-~entarYt being represented by a sharp prOjection from the Ody wall; inter-lobular incisions present with sub-equal era h ses; plates both simple and fringed; two fringed Piates etween the median and the second lobes; three lateral-s Y fringed plates between the second and third lobes; two aiender, laterally fringed plates and two Simple plates ceph-uro-Iaterad of the rudimentary third lobe; spines as in fig-t e; ~nal opening small and circular; located about four cimes ~ts di~meter from the apices of the median lobes; cir-umgen~tal gland pores in four or five groups, as follows: !NvESTIGATOR ••••••••• ANTERIOR •• ANTERIOR •• rOsTERIOR ••••• - MED IAN LATERALS LATEP..ALS SANDER<:! 0 6 4 ..., .............. • • • • • ••••• -D. & M. 0 5 to 6 3 to 5 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ••••• -HOLLINGER •••••••••••• 0 to 2 • • 3 to 7 • • 2 to 4 • ••••• -Limit of Variation ••• 0 to 2 3 to 7 2 to 5 • • • • • ••••• ------dorsal I ;edi g and openings moderately abundant; one between the one ~ lObes; one or two between the median and second lobes; extea the outer base of the second lobe; a row of about six row n~in~ cephalad from between the second and third lobes; a bet 0 f~ve to seven laterad of these; one ne~ the margin duc~een the fourth and fifth pairs of spines; tubular wax (PutS short ~d cylindrical, resembling those of A. anc~lus in n.); ventral pygidial setae, basal and ventral thic en-ge as in figure. J ./ Aspidiotus cyanophylli Sign. This coccid was first described by Signoret in 1869 in the "Anne-les de la Societe Entomologique de France". It occurred on Cyanophyllum: magnificum in France, and from which plant its specific name is derived. In this country, Comstock was the first person to record and describe it. He found it upon fig trees in Washington, D. C. It has been recorded from the following coun-tries: Brazil, Ceylon, Engl~ndt France, Mauritius, MexiCO, Peru t and the United States. In this country it has been found only in greenhouses or on hot-house plants out doors in the summer. It has been recorde4 from : Indiana, ldassa-chusetts, Mississippi, Ohio, and Washington, D. e., but un-dOUbtedly Occurs in the greenhouses of many other states. California reports this insect from grape vines out doors. The host plants of this coccid are either tropical or sub-tropical in nature : Carica papaya, Cinchona, Cinnamomim, Cocos, Cyanophyllum, Cycas revoluta, Ficus indi-ca, F. laurifolia. Ipomoea, Jessamine, Kentia belmoreana, laurel, Laurus, moonflower, UU.sa pa.radisiaca, orchids, palms, Phoenix roebelerii, Pritchardia. filifera, and tea. Undoubtedly this scale insect is attacked by parasites t but no records have been found indicating para-Bitism. It is not considered as one of the most im-portant of the greenhouse pests, but experience has shown that it is occasionally an injurious one. Its distribution in Missouri can be seen by reference to the map of distribu-I / /' Pyg1d1um of Asp1d1otus cyanophylli Signoret The known distribution of Missouri Coccidae.-Albert Harold Hollillger. Aspid10tus cyanophylli Sign. I S"RTON O ..... OE JASPER L.W NEWTON a ... RRY .. noN. . 51 tion of this species. The technical description follows: ~cale of male: Small and similar to that of the female, but more elongate, with the exuvia sub-central. ~cale of female: Diameter about 1.5 to 2 rom.; circular; thin, delicate flat and translucent; brownish-yellow; exu-viae central ~d bright yellow; ventral scale absent or but Slightly developed. t Ult female: Uoderate size; more or less circular; yellow cOlor· pygidium about as long as broad and somewhat angu-lar; tipped with brown; three pairs of lobes present, with ~he third pair rudimentary, being represented by a sharp pro-Jection from the body margin; median lobes very prominent, broad, and deeply notched on both margins at pOints about one-third their lengths from the apices; well separated; sec-o~d pair of lobes small and notched on both margins about ID~dway the length of the lobes, forming a narrow, rounded ~p~x to each; interlobular incisions and ¥araphyses absent, U between the median and second pairs 0 lobes occur thick-ened mergins of a dorsal gland pore, resembling faint paraph-Yses; plates both Simple and compound; two apically fringed ~~ates between the median lobes, two similar plates between the median and second lobes, three similar plates between 1 e second and third lobes; cephalo-laterad of the third cObes occur a simple plate, a laterally fringed plate, and a oIDpound plate ,with three teeth just laterad of the compound i1ate ; §pines as shown in figure; anal opening large, slight-tl Oval, with wilth equal to three and length equal to four abIDes the diameter of a circumgenital gland pore; located lo~ut.three times its length from the apice~ of the median bu.tes , Ci~cumgenital gland pores generally ~n four groups, Occas~onHlly a single pore represents the median group: DNESTIGATOR ••••••••• ANTERIOR •• ANTERIOR •• POsTERIoa •••••• _ l.IF.DIA.H LATERALS LATEP..A.LS C011STOCX 0 4 to 5 3 to 5 ••••••••••••• • • • • • ••••• -SANDERS • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 0 4 to • • -5 • • D to 5 • ••••• B.iRRICK. 0 3 to 4 3 to 5 ••••••• ••••••••••••• • • • • -D. & 11 .............. 0 • • 4 • • 3 to 5 · ..... HOLLIUGER 0 to 1 3 " ............ • • to 5 • • 3 to 5 • • • • • • -Limite of Variation •• 0 to I 3 · . to 5 • • 3 to 5 • ••••• ~orsal gland pores relatively few, and located as follow~: one between the median lobes, one or two between the med~an and second lobes, one just cephalo-Iaterad of the spine on the outer base of the second lobe, a row of four to six ex-tending ceph~lad from between the second and third lobes, an irregular row of three to five laterad of these; micropores, ventral pygidial setae and ventral thickenings as in figure. Aspidiotus forbesi Johnson This scale insect is one of comparatively re-Cent discovery, for it was only in 1896 that Johnson first noted and described this species. He states that it then was the most destructive scale by far, that he had found in IllinOis, and he feared that it would rival the dreaded San Jose sCale in its destruction to frUit trees. His fears haVe not been realized, however, for altho this pest is now qUite Widely distributed on a large variety of food plants, it is t no nearly the pernicious insect that the San Jose Bcale is. He records it as having killed many cherry trees in IllinOis in 1896. It received the common name of the "ch erry scale" because it was found in such large numbers on both the native wild cherry trees as well as the cultivated trees. It was found to encrust the latter trees as thorough-11 as the San Jose scale did fruit trees in California. It was named in honor of S. A t t E t f • Forbes, S a e n omologist 0 IllinOis • and hence arises the common name, "Forbes' scale". This insect is one of some economia impor-tance in Missouri, as well as elsewhere. a bearing apple tree anywhere in the state that is not in-feste;lA A _. forbesi Johns. to ver Y severe cases, and the effect on the tree usually de-There is scarcely The infestations vary from slight r.: .) . \ pands on the extent of the infestation. It is a pest not alone of fruit trees, but often severely attacks shrubbery, sUch as Spiraea, Viburnum, Cornus, and others, either kill-ing the twigs outright, or severely affecting their growth. Shade trees are also attacked, but large trees do not seem to suffer injury. Its distribution outside of the United States is: Canada, Germany, Mexico, Nova Scotia. and Porto Rico. In this country it is quite generally distributed, having been reported from, Alabama, Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Illi-nOis, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Louisiana, Maryland, 1~ssachusetts, Michigan, Mississippi, New Jersey, New !';lexico '. New-York , OhiO, Texas, West Virginia, and Wisconsin, but undoubted-ly it also Occurs in other states. The list of food plants of A. forbesi Johns. is very large. It is an omniverous feeder and seems to thrive on any of its hosts. It has been reported on the fOllOWing: Acer fraxinus, Acer pseudoplatinus, apple, apri-cot, ash, beech, wild and cultivated cherry, crab apple, currant, gooseberry, hawthorn, honey locust, Jasmine, peach, pear, plum, qUince, Ribes vulgare. Robinia pseudacasia, StaphYlea trifoliata, and walnut. In Missouri it has been COllected from those host plants listed on page J$~, anI those marked with an asterisk (*) indicate new records. This coccid is often parasitized to a great extent by certain small hymenopterous insects which help to ke ep it under control. None, however, have been identified. The life and habits of A. forbesi Johns. are qUite different from those of the San Jose scale with which this pest is very commonly confUsed. It is not surprising that the noviee should mist~~e the one for the other, be-cause they resemble eachother very much in general external appearance. They both attack the trunk, branches, and OCC8-sion~,lly the fruit and leaves. Winter is passed by each sex of A. forbesi Johns. in a partially mature condition, the male pupae being numerous thruput the winter months, and from Which the male insects emerge about the middle of April. The females mature in early spring and lay eggs lete in April and early in May, thus differing from the San Jose scale which gives birth to young. The young of the second generation of A. forbesi Johns, appear late in July and early in ~ugust, there being two fUll broods of this coccid each year, and possibly a third brood in the southern section Of l.:issouri during favorable seasons. Any observant person may be able to recognize this scale and to distinguish it from the San Jose scale With the aid of the common reading glass. The ring and nip-PIe, which are so noticable and characteristic on the San Jose scale, are never so prominent in the cherry scale, and the nipple is generally bald, and of a shining reddish-bro·nn Or orange-brolVTI color. Bark infested by the cherry scale at no time shows the small, Circular, "black stage" which is so Characteristic of A. perniciosus Comst. The cherry scale can be further distinguished by the presence of eggs or egg-shells Underneath the mature armored covering. The conspicuous Pygidium of Aspidiotus forbesi Johnson. The known distribution of Missouri Coccidae.-.t:Ilbert Harold Hollinger. Aspidiotus forbesi Johnson I orange colored exuviae, the presence of male pupae during the winter, or the presence of eggs and egg-shells during the summer serve to distinguish A. forbesi Johns. from A. perni-,£jous Comst. The tec~~~ical description of the cherry scale follows: ~ale of male: Oval; dark gray to black; exuvia ' orange cOlored , and cephalad of center. ~ale of female: About two mm. in diameter; more or less c~rcular; moderately thin but tough; flat to slightly con-vex; normally a darK-gray color, but sometimes light-gray; ~XUViae about centrally located; bright orange-yellow, and t~rimally covered with thin/white secretion; ventral scale n and white. ~uI~ female: Moderate size; circular; yellowish with brown in t~p of abdomen, due to chitinization; pygidium moderate rna S~ze, but rather broad for its length; with well rounded pa~g~n,; two pairs of well developed lobes present, the third rna~r me~ely indicated by a minute projection of the bod:,! . si g~n Just cephalo-Iaterad of the second interlobular ~nc~inO~' median lobes lar~e, prominent, projecting, and converg-thgi deeply notched on their outer mar gins about mid-way je~t: length; second pair of lobes smaller, but strongly pro-lOb lng p,nd converging ; notched similarly; irmer margins of c i s~s V',entireend with vIell rounded apices; inter-lobular in-TnneO'~ present and bounded by well developed !araphyses,-rhe tiv r of which are the larger; plates all simp e and rela-twe:~Yt~hort, a- bread one between the median lobes, one be-IObuI ~ median and the second lobes, a pair in the inter-lObe ~ ~ncision between the second and the rudimentary third circ~' §pines located as in figure; anal opening very small; Of thlar , ~nd about three times its diameter from the apices glande med~an lobes; not much larger than a circumgenital fiVe pore; circumgenital 61and pores arranged in four or groups, as follows: INVEST IG ~ TO no R ••••••••• AlITERIOR •• .A.HTERIOR •• POSTERIOR ••••• - LIED lliJ LATEP..ALS LATERALS SANDERS • • • • • • • • • • • • • • I to 4 4 to 7 3 to 5 • • • • • ••••• -REp.RICK. 0 to 3 4 to 6 3 to 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • • • • ••••• -D. &: 11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 to 3 • • 4 to 6 • • 3 to 4 • ••••• -HOLLINGER •••••••••••• 0 to 4 •• 2 to 9 •• 2 to 6 • • • • • • Limits f Viti 4 2 t 9 o ar a on •• 0 to •• 0 •• 2 to 0 • • • • • • -¥rsal pores small not very prominent; arra.nged in more or t~SS definite rows: as follows: one between the median lobes; alree or four between the media."'1 and second lobes; one ceph-o-laterad of and remote from the outer ba.se of second lobe. Opening on the margin of the body wall; a row of seven to ~ine extending ce~halad from the interlobular incision be-ween the second and thijd lobes; about seven in a broken row laterad of this· tubular wax ducts short. filamentous, CaPtitate, and unipi~tonate; micropores. ventral pygidial se ae, basal and ventral thickenings as shown in figure. ~: Pale yellowish-white and oval; about .5 mm. long. 1S~: Yellowish, quite flattened, and broadly oval. ]Sung scales: Whitish, flat and circular. ASpidiotus hederae (Vall.) ~erm~ hederae Vallot (1829) ? Ch . - erm~ capparis Vallot (1829) ~SPidiot~ nerii Bouche (1833) A.s'" 1· d . - ~ lOtu! palma.rwn Bouche (1834) ~asp~ obliquus Costa (1835) !.apidiot~ genistae Westwood (1840) !Spidiotus epidendri Bouche (1844) £herm~ ericae Bdv. (1867) ~rme~ ~loes Bdv. (1867) Che --- rme~ .£Ycadicola Bdv. (1867) ~ldlot~ bouchei Targ. (1867) ~idiot~ affinis Targ. (1869) ~idiot~ bUdleiae Sign. (1869) ~diotus ceratoniae Sign. (1869) r _ , ) , \ !spidiotus denticulatus Sign. (1869) !epidiotus gnidii Sign. (1869) !spidiotus ilicis Sign. (1869) !.spldiotus m.yricinae Sign. (1869) !Spidiotus limonii Sign. (1869) !epidiotus ulicis Sign. (1869) !Spidiotus villosus Sign. (1869) !spidiotus vriesciae Sign. (1869) !spidiotus lentisci Sign. (1869) !Spldiotus capparis Sign. (18U6) !Spidiotus oleae Colvee (1880) ? !apidiotus corynocarpi Co1vee (1881) !Spidiotus oleastri Co1vee (1882) !Spidiotus carpodeti Mask. (1884) This coccid, of European origin, has c'ome to be a very common pest thruout the United States. In all parts of this country it is abundant on many greenhouse Plants, while in California and some of the southern states it Works out of doors in orchards, parks, and Along road-Sides. In America, some. forty . years ago, it was first found attacking the citrus orchards o~ California. It i~ot, how-ever, distinctly a citrus pest in this country, for it is COmmonly found on a large number of plants. It derives its specific name from the English ivy, upon which it was first found. The common name of the "oleander scale" is given it because of its fondness for that plant. This scale insect has been recorded from: Algeria • Australia, Bermuda, Canada, Chili, Europe, Hawaiian Islands, 1.1adagascar, llexico, Natal, lJew Zealand, Peru, Sand-wich Islands, South ~frica, Transvaal, and the West Indies. In this country it has been found in : California, Colorado. Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Iowa, Louisiana, l.faine, 1'11chigan, lIassachusetts, Eississippi, New York, Ohio, Utah and \7iscon-sin. In Missouri this insect has been found in those coun-ties indicated on the map of distribution for this species. The recorded host plants of A. hederae (Vall.) are: AcaCia, Agave palmeri, aloe, arbutus, asparagus fern, betel nut, box-wood, buckthorn, butchers' broom, California laurel, Camelliae, carob, Carpodetus serratus, Ceratonia, Cerceris, cherry, citron, clover, Cordyline terminalis, cur-rant, Cycas revoluta, Daphne gnidium, date palms, Dianthus chinensis, Dracaena, Erica, Eriobotrya japonica, eucalyptus, fan palm, ferns, Genista, grape fruit, grass, heath, holly, English ivy, Kentia, lemon, Ligustrum japonicum, madder, magnolia, Magn$lia grandiflora, manzanita, maple, Melia, mistletoe, 110nterey pine, nmlberry, Myrsine retusa, night-Shade, oleander, olive, Opuntia littoralis, orange, pepper-tree. Phoenix ductylifera, P. canariensis, plum, pomegranate, hOlly oak, red bud, red-wood, Rubia peregrina, Ruscus acule-atus, sago palm, sumach, umbrella plant, umbrella tree, Vitex littoralis, Vriesia splendens and yucca. In Missouri this Pest has been found upon those host plants listed on pageJKS: This coccid attacks all parts of its host. Until recently this scale insect was thought to be the com-mon peat of olives in the Sacramento Valley, California, t /11 1 .-----~ ~ ~ .. / @ / Pygi dium of ASEidiotus hederae (Vallot) The known distribution of Missouri Coccidae.-Albert Harold Hollillger. AsPidiotus hederae (Vallot)· BMlTON JMPER NEwTON M noN.· r 6 " attacking the fruits and rendering them unfit for pickling purposes, Coleman discovered that it was not A. hederae ., (Vall.) but a closely alied species, A. simillimus translu-cens Ckll. -Comstock reported that in California acaCia was so completely covered with the scales of A. hederae (Vall.) that they appeared as tho they had been coated with lime. ~agnolia leaves were also severely affected. In the warmer parts of this country there are at least two broods of this insect annually. In greenhouses this pest breeds continu-Oilsly with great prolificness ,so that e. larger number of broods is quite probable. The following hymenopterous paraSites have been reared from this insect: Aphytis chilensis How., Aspi-aiotophagus citrinus (Craw), Coccophagus immaCUlata HOW., Rrospalta aurantii (How.), Aphelinus capitis Rust. The technical description follows: ~cale of male: Variable in shape, circular to elongate; snow-White; about I mm. in diameter; exuvia central, straw-colored and naked. ~cale of female: Diameter from 1.5 mm. to 2. mm.,; circular or nearly so; thin and translucent; relatively flat; white, gray, or brownish-white in color; exuviae central or slight-ly SUb-central; whitish to pale tan-colored; translucent and naked; ventral scale thin and white. !dult female: hloderate size; approximately circular; yellow COlor; pygidium broadly rounded, and relatively narrow for its length; not heavily chitinized; two pairs of well devel-Oped lobes present, with a third pair of broad, triangular protections from the body margin; median lobes very broad and notched on the inner margins near the apices; notched on the outer margins about one-third the length of the lobes from their apices; median lobes with broadly rounded apices; aecond pair of lobes diverging on their inner margins to form a narrow rounded top to each, and notched on the outer margins similar to that of the median lobes; lobes all well separated- interlobular incisions without paraphyses; plates mostly fringed; two apically fringed plates between the me-dian lobes, two similar ones between the median and second lobes, three laterally fringed plates between the second and third lobes, and five to seven similar plates cephalo-lateaad of the third lobe, with two or three short simple plates laterad of these; spines as shown in figure; anal opening mOderately large and oval; width equal to about two and length equ~l to about three times the diameter of a circum-genital gland pore; located about four times its length from the apices of the median lobes; circumgenital gland pores generally arranged in four groups, as follows: INVESTIGATOR ••••••••• ANTERIOR •• 1UiTERIOP. •• POSTERIOR ••••• lJED IAN LATZ:lA.LS LATERALS C01ISTOCK • • • • • • • • • • • • • 0 • • 9 • • 7 • • • • • • SANDERS •••••••••••••• 0 • • 8 to 9 •• 6 to 7 • ••••• ~-qICK •••••••••••••• 0 , . 6 to 11 •• 6 to 8 • ••••• D. & } tf .... • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 0 • • 7 to 10 •• 5 to 10 •••••• HO LLDlGER ••••••••••••• 0 to 1 •• 10 to 11 •• 7 to 11 •••••• Limits of Variation ••• 0 to 1 •• 6 to 11 •• 5 to 11 •••••• ~orsal gland pores distinct and located as follows: one be-tween the median lobes; three extending cephalad from between the median and second lobes, six to nine from between the second and third lobes, six or seven extending cephalad from between the third lobe and the fourth nair of spines; two laterad of this row near the margin between the fourth and fifth pairs of spines; tubular wax ducts very short, and cylindrical; micropores, ventral pygidial setae, ~entr8l thiCkenings as shown in figure. Aspidiotus juglens-regiae Comst. This coccid is commonly called the "English ." walnut scale tT because Comstock first found it upon the bark , Of the larger limbs of Juglans regiae at Los Angeles, Cali-fornia, about 1880. The name is somewhat misleading be-cause of the large list of plants upon which it feeds. It f; . j Aspid10tus juglans-reg1ae Comst. on soft maple, showing heavy parasitism. f, ~ is qUite widely distributed and eonsequently is an omniverous feeder. It has been recorded from only two foreign countries, Peru and Switzerland, altho it is also found in Canada. In this countrj it has been recorded from: Cali-fornia, Colorado, District of Columbia, Florida, Indiana, Kansas, Louisiana, Massachusetts, l1ichigan, Mississippi, New Mexico, New York, Ohio, Texas and Wisconsin. In this state, A. juglans-regiae has been found in those counties shown on the map of distribution for this species. It has been reported by various authors as Occurring upon the following host plants: apple, apricot, ash, mountain ash, prickly ash, white ash, box-elder, cherry, cottonwood, currant, elm, hackberry, European horse-chestnut, linden, locust, maple, soft maple, sugar mpple, chestnut oak, peach, pear, plum, wild plum, prune, rose, sweet gum, Eng-lish walnut, and walnut. In Missouri it has been found upon those host plants indicated on page;Jgs- , and those marked With an asterisk (*) are new records for this species. Howard thinks that there are three genera~ tions of A. juglans-regiae Comst. annaullF, altho probably more occur thruout its sputhern range. This insect is one of some econo~ic importance thruout Missouri, but in this state it does not seem to be a frtit pest, for the writer has yet to find it upon fruit trees. Here, however, it at-tacks gooseberries, both wild and cultivated, bu~ seems to be principally a pest of shade trees, ornamentals, and wild shrubs. Taylor, in 1908, (7~) says that this scale insect r; . I is probably of rare oocurrence in Missouri. He more than lilcely based his conclusions either on somewhat meager data or on local collecting. He also states "that its occurrence Upon walnut principally, will usually enable its recognition". This statement is very misleading, for A. juglans-regiae Comst. has been found upon our native walnuts, Juglans nigra and J. cinerea only four times in the course of about fifty collections from walnut, and then only on the black walnut in scattering numbers. Those shield scales which have been found most abundantly upon the walnuts are: Aspidiotus ulmi Johns., A. forbesi Johns., A. ancylus (Putn.), and Chionaspis furfura (Fitch). Consequently it cannot be stated that !-. juglans-regiae Comet. is at all common upon the walnut in ~Iissouri • This coccid is one of quite common occurrence in many localities thruout this state, as its distribution map sh01vs. If investigations and collections could be carried on each county, the writer has no doubts that it vlould be found. in ever;r loculi t y . It might be t aken for the San Jose scale by the inexperienced eye, bu.t the color of the scale and that of the exuviae , together with the large size of the insect, should be distinguishing characters to enable its ready iden-tification. It attacks its host from the base of the tree or the crown of the plant to the tips of the twigs, generally prwferring, however, the the smooth bark of the larger li~bs. This depends, of course, upon the host plant and the nature of its bark. The writer has never observed it upon leaves. A. juglans-regiae Comst. is often attacked by • ~ Pygidium I of Aspidiotus ) Juglans-regiae The known distrihution of Missouri Coccidae.-Albert Harold Hollhl!!,er. , comst. Aspidiotus juglans-regiae Comst. r small pa.rasitic Hymenoptera . Two species are recorded as parasitizing it: Aphelinus diaspidis EO"l. and Pro spal ta aUrantii (Row.) Probably ot~ers occur. as well. This indigenous scale insect in its more northern range has been reported as being comp aritively sc arce. but that in the south it often becomes a serious pest of peach and. pear. This statement. however. has not been SUbstantiated in Missouri. The technical description follows: Qcale of male: Snaller than that of the female; elongate, about 1 mrn. long; exuvia near the cephalic end of the scale and quite elevated. ~cale of female: Large, being aboui 3 mm. in diameter; cir-Cular; flat to slightly convex; ~oderately thick and tough; Color somewhat variable, but generally grayish-bro~m; exuviae SUb-central, reddish-brown, and covered with secretion; ven-tral scale thin and snow white; very noticable when the in-sect is removed. !.dult female: Large and distinctly segmented; yellow in col-lor when alive. but bro\vn when dead; pygidium fairly well Chitinized; with rounded margins and very broad for its length. two pairs of well developed lobes present. with.a rudimen-tary third pair of lobes present as short angular or rounded prOjections from the body margins; median lobes large, promi-nent, projecting and converging; with inner margins entire and with apices well rounded; normally with a deep notch on the outer margins about mid-way their length; second pair of lObes about one-half the size of the median lobes, projecting, and converging; inner margins rounded and entire; outer mar-gins with one or two deep notches· inter-lobular incisions present; par~,physes present, the inner ones the larger and more or less bulb-shaped; plates simple and inconspicuous; two between the median lobes; two between the median and the second pairs of lobes; three between the second and third pairs; spines as sho\Vll in figure; anal ouening very small, ISlightly oval; about the size of a circumgenital gland pore; Ocated about four or five times its length from the tips of the median lobes; circumgenital gland pores in four or five groups, variable, as follows: nmST IGATOR ••••••••• AHTERIOR •• .,1.NTE::tIOR •• POSTERIOR ••••• MEDIAN LA.TERALS LATEP.ALS CO~TOCK ••••••••••••• 0 to 4 •• 7 to 16 •• 4 to 8 •••••• SAJIDERS •••••••••••••• 0 to 5 •• 8 to 16 •• 4 to 8 • • • • • • HERRICK •••••••••••••• 3 to 7 •• 8 to 15 •• 6 to 12 •••••• D. & M •••••••••••••• 2 to 4 •• 8 to 15 •• 7 to 9 •••••• ROLLINGER •••••••••••• 2 to 9 •• 5 to 16 •• 4 to 13 •••••• Limits of Variation •• 0 to 9 •• 5 to 16 •• 4 to 13 •••••• --~rsal gland pores numerous, and arranged in more or less definite groups, as follow.: one or two between the median lObes; four to six extending cephalad from between the med-ian and second lobes; one opening on the margin at a point about opposite the tip of the of the rudimentary third lobes. extending cephalad from the inter-lobular incision a row of twelve to fourteen; laterad of this a row of fourteen to eighteen, and near the margin cephalad of the fourth pair of spines an irregular row of four; tubular wax ducts moderate-ly long, cylindrical, and uni-pistonate; micropores, ventral Pygidial setae, basal and ventral thickenings as in figure. XQung scales: ~~itish and well started, on the 15th. ~ugust, 1916. AS12idiotus lataniae Sign. ASpidiotus lataniae Sign. (1869) ? AS12 idiotus c~doni8e Comst. (1881) ? As:eidiotus diffinis vax lateralis Ckll. (1894) ? As:eidiotus greenii Ckll. (1897) ? Aspidiotus Eunicae Ckll. (1893) This coccid was first described in 1869, and Since that date there has occurred much confusion regarding , the synono~~ of this species and certain other similar, if not f; . I identical, scale insects, namely those mentioned above in the synonomy. Green, on plate * 14 of his Coccidae of Ceylon, called the drawing A. cydoniae Comst., but he later states (z~) that it should be more correctly assigned to A. lataniae Sign. He also makes the further statemant that Comstock's illustration and description in his first report on scale insects (Izl) agree in every particular with the figure of Signoret's A. lataniae which was drawn from the type specimen of this species in the Vienna Museum. This careful work of Green and Signoret leaves little doubt as to A. cydoniae Co~st being a synonym of A. la-l.aniae Sign. The specific name of this coccid comes from the fact that it was first observed upon Latania borbonica. This insect, exclusive of its synonym species. has been recorded from: Brazil, Europe, Gallapagos Islands, liIauritius and the United states. In this country it has been fOUnd in : Indiana, Louisiana, ilississippi, and Texas. In the Southern part of its range in this country, it often occurs Out of doors, but in this region it is found only in green-hOUses. Its distribution map will show its known range in this state. It is not of much importance to the greenhouse industry in Missouri. The food plants recorded for this insect are: alligator pear, Areca lutescens, asparagus vine, cocoanut palm, Cottonwood, guava, juniper, Kentia palm, Latania borbonica, loquat, mUlberry, peach, perSimmon, prickly palm, and scaleBia. The writer has collected it froTa those host plants listed on :Page3~ • There are no records of this species being Pygidium of Aspidiotus lataniae Signoret The known distribution of Missouri Coccidae.-Albert Harold Hollinger. Aspidiotus lataniae Signoret Ol>.V. 1 woRTH HARRIS. MER. PUTN ... 14 GENT SULLI\ 6RUN. U\lING UNN SAItTO,.. JASPER NEWTON M nON. attacked by parasites, but the writer has observed the exit holes of parasites in many adult scales. No identification of parasites has been possible, because no~e have been reared. The technical description follows: Scal~_~f _~: Elongate, small, with the emvia at the an-terior end and elevated; quite convex; otherwise similar to that of the female in color, texture. etc. ~~l~~~_~~~~~~: very convex; white with a yellowish cast. due to the insect beneath; emviae central or sUb-central; covered with secretion which rubs off only with difficulty; first exuvia teat-shaped and rounded. and resting prominent-ly upon the second exuvia; first exuvia blackiSh-brown, and second exuvia chestnut-brown; first exuvia when exposed shows distinct segmentation; dorsal scale moderately thick; ventral scale white and sometimes entire, then enclosing the insect in a sac, as does Targionia. !dult ~~mal~: Pygidium broad for its length, with rounded lateral margins; apex more or less truncate; moderately chi-tinized; one pair of well developed lobes present; the sec-ond pair represented by a long, slender, spine-like projec-tion from the body margin; the third lobes represented by a shorter.similar, spine-like projection; median lobes very large, prominent, projecting. and broad; notched once on the inner margin very near the broadly rounded apex; notched on the outer margins slightly cephalad of the inner notches; ~nter-lobular incisions present with well developed paraphy-~e!. sub-equal in length; each pair coalescing; plates bot~ Simple and fringed; two simple ones between the median lobes; two sub-apically fringed plates between the median and sec-ond lobes; three laterally fringed plates between the second and third lobes; three simple plates occurring cephalo-lat-erad of the rudimentary third lobe; spines located as in figure; anal opening large; circular to slightly oval; width equal to about four and length equal to about five times the diameter of , a circumgenital gland pore; located a little oVer its own diameter fr~m the apices of the median lobes; circumgenital gland pores in four groups, as follows: lNVESTIGATOR ••••••••• ANTERIOR •• ANTERIOR •• POSTERIOR ••••• _ MEDIAN LATERALS LATERALS HERRICK •••••••••••••• 0 • • 4 to 8 • • 4 to 8 • ••••• -SANDERS • • • • • • • • • • • • • 0 • • 4 to 6 • • 3 to 4 • ••••• -D. &.M. • • • • • • • • • • • • • 0 • • 8 to 10 •• 6 to 8 • ••••• -._-. - ' HOLLINGER •••••••••••• o •• 5 to 9 •• 4 to 6 • • • • • • L1m1ts of Var1at1on •• o •• 4 to 10 •• 3 to 8 • • • • • • 4668&1 gland pores rather small; moderately numerous; loca-ted about as follows: one between the median lobes, three between the median and second lobes; one in the 1nter-lobu-lar 1nc1sion between the second and th1rd lobes, and extend-1ng cephalad from th1s a row of seven or eight; one located near the margin between the fourth and f1fth pairs of spines; , tubular wax ducts long and filamentous; uni-pistonate and cap1tate; micropores, ventral pygidial setae, basal and ven-tral th1cken1ngs as 1n f1gure. ~: Pale yellow in color; length equal to the w1dth of the pyg1d1um. Aspidiotus osborni New. & Ckll. Th1s 1nsect was f1rst descr1bed and named by Newell and Cockerell in 1898. It was named in honor of H. S. Osborn, at that time w1th the Iowa Experiment Stat1on. It apparently has not a very wide distribu-t10n 1n this country, having been reported from: Georgia, IOwa, Kansas, and Oh10. It is not nearly so sommon as might be 1nferred from Newell's report (X7). Its 11mited d1str1-but10n is probably due to the fact that it has been found Only upon oaks and ironwood. This 1nsect might easily be ~1atamen for A. anczlus (Putn.) by the casual observer, and has undoubtedly often been m1s-reported as that 1nsect. In Missour1 A. osborni has been found upon Several spec1es of Quercus. It is generally found on the S~ooth bark of the larger limbs and branches, and sometimes ~y be hidden by a th1n layer of bark under which the young 1nsects manage to orawl or burrow. The scales are quite , Pygidium of Asp1d1otus osborn1 Newell & Ckll. The known distribution of Missouri Coccidae.-Albert Harold Hollillger. ASp1diotus osborn1 New. & Ckll. 74 flat and obscure, at best. They seem to looate along the under sides of the branohes and are generally single or scattered, not being massed or gregarious as ocours with the cherry scale, the English walnut scale, Putnams' scale, etc. The writer has often collected the Osborn scale in association with Chr¥s0mPhalus obscurus (Comst.) It does not seem to be a very important insect anywhere in its range. The writer has observed parasitism in this species, but records are lacking regarding the specific Species of Hymenoptera which do attack ~sborni New. & Ckll. , Ths teohnical description follows: ~Cale of male: Similar to the scale of the female in color and texture, but is oval and mu.ch smaller. §.cale of female: Diameter about 1.5 mm.; circular or nearly so; moderately thick and tough; flat to slightly convex; dark colored, coinciding perftctly with the color of the bark, being a dirty grayish to blackish; exuviae sub-central and brownish; ventral scale very thin and white, or sometimes lacking. ~dUlt female: Rather small; circular; yellow in color; pygDd-1~ moderately chit1nized; more or less angular at the apex; mOderately broad; one pair of lobes present; median lobes very prominent, broad, projecting; notohed once or twice on the outer margins about mid-way their length; apices of lobes '-' r~unded; second and third pairs of lobes obsolete, or at least not projeoting from beyond the margins of the body; inter-lobular incisions present; paraphyses present between median and second lobes, the inner ones slightly the larger; absent or very small in the inter-lobular incision between the second and third lobes; plates rather inconspicuous, and Simple; located as follows: one between the median lobes; two between the median and second lobes; two in the inter-lObular incision between the second and third lobes; a few lateral teeth along the margin cephalo-laterad of the rudi-mentary third lobes; spines as shown in figure; anal opening rather small" oval" width about twice the diameter of a cir-Oumgenital giand p~re; length slightly greater; located abou three or four times its length from the apices of the lobes; Circumgenital gland pores arranged in four or five groups, as follows: INVESTIGATOR ••••••••• ANTERIOR •• ANTERIOR •• POSTERIOR ••••• 1tlEDIAN LATERALS LATERALS -- --_. NE\VELL ••••••••••••••• 0 to 2 • • 5 to 7 • • 3 to 5 • ••••• HOLLINGER •••••••••••• 0 to 2 • • 0 to 9 •• 0 to 6 • • • • • • . _--- --.. _-_ .. -- -Limits of Variation •• 0 to 2 • • 0 to 9 • • 0 to 6 • • • • • • the writer has never found a mature speoimen without circum-genital gland pores, but from the above data, the occurrence of such an individual is possible; dorsal gland pores rather numerous, noticable, and arranged in well defined rows; one between the median lobes; two between the median and second lObes; seven to nine extending cephalad of the inter-lobular incision between the second and third lobes; two laterad of this row, and a row of nine or ten laterad of this; mioro-pores, ventral pygidial setae, basal and ventral thickenings as per figure. Aspidiotus perniciosus Comst. !spidiotus perniciosus Comst. (1881) ? !onidia fUsca Maskell ( 1894) !onidiella perniciosa Berl. & Leon. (1898) ? !onidiella fusca Leon. (1899) "Perhaps no other scale insect has been so Widely exploited as the San Jose scale, and San Jose, Cali-fornia, its starting point in America, is known the world OVer by reason of its early connection with this notorious pest. It was discovered at San Jose in the grounds Of a Mr. Lick in the early seventies. It soon spread from here to surrounding orchards. By 1880 it had e~ended its range rather widely around that town, and was described by COmstock who gave it the appropriate specific name of "per-niciosus". It has lived true to its n~. for it is indeed ... , , i: The San Jose scale, Aspidiotus perniciosus Comst. about natural size on a Ben Davis apple. The San Jose scale, Aspidiotu8 pernici08ue Comet. on the oalex end of an apple. Enlarged several diameters. the most insidious and pernicious orchard insect that is known. By 1893 it had reached all of the important decid-uous fruit districts of the Pacific Coast. In this same year it was discovered in a small orchard in Charlotteville, Virginia. It had been unknowingly brought there by two New Jersey nurserymen in 1887 or 1888. So rapid was the multiplication of this insect, that without an other in-troduction of the scale insect from California., the result of these twa introductions was to infest portions of many of the Middle Western and Eastern State s. :Much effort was expended by the states and by the National Government with a View of eradicating the pest, but it had already become so widely distributed that extermination was impossible. Ef-forts have since been directed toward control in orchards by thorough spraying. In spite of all efforts to prevent its spread, the San Jose scale has slowly extended its range, until now it Occurs in practically every state and territory in the Union, and in portions of Canada. The general spread of this destructive pest has worked gre~t hardships to many orchardists. It has caused the loss of many thousands of dOllars. The total loss, however, is difficult to estimate, but it is well known that it has destroyed millions of trees and that where this pest is prevalent in the fruit growing regions, it is necessary to treat the trees annually at a Cost of from ten to twenty-five cents per tree. Ten million dOllars a year would be a very oonservative estimate of its '~ . , , ' White stage scale of the San Jose scale Aspidiotus perniciosus Comst. Greatly enlarged. White stage saales and black stage saale of the San Jose scale, Aspidiotus perniciosus Comst. Much enlarged. The San Jose scale about natural size on a twig of peach~ 7.1 annual toll. Looking at it in another way. however, the pest has been of some value. for many beneficial state laws and regulations have been enacted as a direct result of the country-wide spread of this perniciosus pest. The native home of this insect was long in doubt. It was impossible to trace the importations into California, because Lick died before such investigations were started. It was evident. however, that the scale in-sect was not of European origin because it would have long before appeared in the Eastern states. Investigations showed that this pest occurred in the Hawaiian Islands, Japan. and in Australia. It was conclusively proven that the insect had been exported from California to Australia and to the Hawaiian Islands. It was not discovered that it oCcurred in Japan until 1897, and evidence was lacking to prove that it was indigenous to that country. Later evidence Showed that Japan first received the pest from the United States. Thorough inv4stigations finally revealed the fact that China was its native home. One reason that it had not become a world-wide pest ages before, is that it occurred in a more or less restricted region in Northern and North-western China. This region was shut in by more or less natural bounderies such as alluvial plain., mountains, etc. Altho the San Jose sacle is found upon a Very large number of plants, it is injurious to a relatively slllall number. Fruit trees, such as the apple, peach. plum, pear , etc, are serioutly injured and often killed, Certain ornamentals and shade trees are also seriously infested. , 1 II San Jose scale, AspidiotuB terniOiosus Comst. in the over-wintering or laok Btage. Greatly enl~rged • . - -San :ose scale. AspidiotuB pernioiosus Comst. Greatly enlarged. Scales of young females. . Male soale. white stage, seoo soales and mature female soales of Jose scale, Aspidiotus Eern1ciosus The following list of food plants, while not complete, will show those plants that are at least commonly or severely infested: Acacia, Akebia, Amelanchiea canadensis, Citrus trifoliata, Cornus alba, Cornus Baileyi,.Cornus sanguine a , Cotoneaster, Crataegus, Cydonia vulgaris, Cydonia Japonioa, Fagus sylvatica purpurea, JUglans Sieboldiana, Ligustrum, Populus, Prunus amygdalus, P. armeniaca, P. avium, P. pumila, P. pumila Besseyi, P. cerasifera, P. domestica, P. hortulana, f. Japonica, P. maritima, P. Persica, P. triflora, P. se~otinia, P. Virginiana, Ftelea trifoliata,.Pyrus communis, P. sinensis, P. baccata, P. Malus, Ribes oxyacanthoides, R. aurium. R. rub rum , R. nigrum, Rosa spp, Salix spp, S~rbus spp, Symphoricarpos racemosus, Syringa vulgaris, Tilia spP,. Toxylon pomiferam, Ulmus spp. The following list includes those that are Occasionally or rarely infested: Acer spp., Actinidia argu-ta, Aesculus Hippocastaneum, Alnus, Ampelopsis quinque folia, Betula epp., Buxus epp •• Castanea Americana, Catalpa epp., Ceanothus Americana, Celtis occidentalis, Cercidifillum Ja-ponicum, Citrus Aurantium, Cornus spp, Deutzia spp., Diospy-ros Virginiana. Eleagnus spp, Euoalyptus epp., Euonymus epp., Ficus Carica, Forsythia spp, Fraxinus spp., Gleditsia tria-Canthos, Hibiscus spp., Hickoria spp., Juglans nigra, J. re-gia. Kalmia, Kerria, Ligustrum spp., Lonicera spp., Morus spp, Physocarpus spp., Picea: spp., PrunUB Cerasus, Photinia villos-Us. Rhodotypos kerriodes, Rhus spp., Robinia sPP., Rubus sPP·, Sambucus spp., Sassafras, Spiraea spp., Thuya spp., Viburnum epp., and Vitis spp. , 1 ,>-.; , ~ -Pygidium of Aepidiotus perniciosus Comet. The known distribution of Missouri Coccidae.-A Ibert Harold Hollinger. Aspidiotus perniCioSus Comst. I It has been estimated that in this latitude the progeny of a siag1e scale insect of this species would number three billion, two hundred sixteen million, eighty thousand four hundred by fall if all the scales survived. This pest is subject to the attacks of sever-al species of hymenopterous parasites~ Aphe1inus diaspidis !phe1inus fuscipennis How., Peusopterus pu1che11us How. Rrospa1te1la per~iciosi Tower, and Signiphora nigrita Ash. Many lady-bird beetles also prey upon this coccid. The technical description of thB San Jose SCale follows: .§sale of male: 'Small; oval; generally darker than the scale of the female, being almost black; exuviae sub-ceniral to SUb-marginal. ~cale of female: Diameter from 1 mm. to 2 mm.; circular; mOderately thick and tough; flat and slightly convex; various shades of gray in color; exuviae central or nearly so; at the apex of the scale the exnviae form a characteristic, distinct nipple with a shallow circumscribing furrow; ventral scale thin, delicate, and white. AdUlt female: Moderate size; nearly circular; yellowish; ~gidium moderately chitinized; relatively small; broadly rounded; two pairs of well developed lobes present; median lObes prominent. projecting, and apparently converging; in-ner margins entire with well rounded apices; outer margins With a sharp lateral incision about mid-way the length of the lobes; second pair of lobes about one-third as wide as the median lobes, and apparently crowded down at the outer .--bases of the median lobes; notched similarly to the median lObes; third pair of lobes represented by a slender, plate-like prominence of the body margin; inter-lobular incisions and paraphyses present; paraphyses long, with the inner ones the longer; plates all fringed; two small ones between the median lobes; two between the median and second lobes; three between the second and third lobes; three wide, stubby, apically fringed plates between the third and fou%th pairs Of spines, being very characteristic for this species; ~1nes as in figure; anal opening small; oVal; about as long as a median lobe; located about two or th~ee times its diam-eter from the apices of the median lobes; circumgenital gland pores absent; dorsal gland pores relatively few. in-conspicuous, and arranged as follows: one between the median lObes; three in the interlobular incision between the median and second lobes; one on the margin just laterad of the base of the second lobe; four extending cephalad from the inter-lobular incision between the second and third lobes; two ir-regular rows of two and three gland pores each laterad of this row; tubular wax ducts filamentous; moderately long; capitate and uni-pistonate: micropores, ventral pygidial setae, basal and ventral thickenings as in figure. Aspidiotus townsendi Ckll. This shield scale was first described by COckerell in 1896. It was named in honor of Townsend who collected it in 1894 near Piedras Negras, Coahuila, Mexico. The original host plant of this coccid is unknown, but the insect was found attacking the leaves of its host. It has since been reported from ash in Ari-zona. To the knowledge of the writer, it has been reported from no other locality or host. We may conclude that it is indigenous to Mexico and the Southern States, and that it is rather limited in its distribution. The writer first collected this coccid from the stems of the fragrant sumach. The male scales and some female scales occurred on the leaves of the same host. It has later been found upon those plants listed on page 3g7 • In all cases it was but locally distributed. Neither parasitic nor predacious enemies of this coccid are known to occur. The technical description is as follows: ~cale of mal~: Elongate with the exuvia sub-marginal; .5 mm. long- .75 mm. wide: general color grayish or brown- -ish with the'exuvia yellowish to cream colored; located on upper and under surfaces ~f the leaves. , ; f ' , . ) Pygidium of AspidiotuB townsendi Ckll. The known distributio n of Missouri Coccidae .-Alberl Harold Hollinger. Aspidiotus townsendi Ckll. JOHNSON GASS HENRY BATES 8ARTON J,l.SPER NEWTON M nON . I Scale of female: Circular to elongate-oval; diameter about 2 mm.; thin; moderately convex, elevating gradually from the margins to the apex; about .4 mm to .7 rnm~ in altitude; gen-eral color brownish-white or fawn-colored; center pale fawn-COlored, then a broad blackish-brown band . surrounding this, and a broad whitish band at the margin and confluent with the brown band; inner surface of dorsal scale covered with whitish powder; exuviae central to SUb-central; fawn-colored to Chestnut-brown; ventral scale thin and snow-white; locatad close to the ground. Adult female: Bright lemon-yelloW; ~dium_brownish and chitinized at the apex; rather small; lateral margins form an apex of about 45 degrees; two pairs of well developed lObes present; the median lobes with a deep notch on their inner margins neay the well rounded apices; with a similar notch on the outer margins at pOints slightly cephalad of the inner nQtches; margins of the median lobes parallel; second pair; of lobes well separated from the median and the rudimentary third lobes; broad at their bases and tapering to a rounded point at the apices; margins entire; third pair Of lobes represented by stubby prolongations of the body margins; interlobular incisions and paraphyses present; paraphyses between the median and second lobes well devel-Oped, the inner ones the larger; those between the second and third pairs of lobes obsolete or but faintly developed; a Slightly developed paraphysis cephalo-laterad of each rudimentary third lobe; plates all fringed; two apically fringed plates between the median lobes; two sub-apically fringed plates between the median and second lobes; three SUb-apically fringed plates between the secon! and third lObes; two large laterally fringed plates and a slender ~1-fUrcate plate cephalo-laterad of each rudimentary third Obe; spines as in f1gure; anal opening rather large; oblong-OVal; width equal to about two and length equal to about fOur circumgenital gland pores; located about two and one-half times its length from the apices of the median lobes: £jrcumgenital gland pores arranged in four or five groups, as follows: INVESTIGATOR ••••••••• ANTERIOR •• ANTERIOR •• POSTERIOR ••••• _ MEDIAN LATERALS LATERALS COCKERELL •••••••••••• o •• 4 to 8 •• 5 ••••• --------------------------------------------------------HOLLINGER •••••••••••• 0 to 3 •• 3 to 10 •• 3 to 9 ••••• --L1mits of Variation •• 0 to 3 •• 3 to 10 •• 3 to 9 ••••••• = ~rsal gland pores numerous, conspicuous, and arranged as .\.. ; / Pygidium of Aspidiotue toxycrataegii sp. novo. The known distribution of Missouri Coccidae.-Albert llarold Hollinger. Aspidiotus toxycrataegii sp. novo. r follows: one between the median lobes; three extending ceph-alad from the interlobular incision between the median and second lobes; one near the outer base of the second lobe; a row of five to seven extending cephalad from between the second and third lobes; an irregular row of twelve or thir-teen laterad of this; one near the margin bet.ween the fourth and fifth pairs of spines; tubular wax ducts moderately long, cylindrical. slightly capitate; tri-pistonate; micropores, V~ntral pygidial setae. basal a~d ventral thickenings as in flgure. ~: Deep yellow; oval; about .2 ram. long. !oung: Yellowish. almost circular in outline, and quite con-vex; one brood hatching on the 14th. of August, 1916. Aspidiotus toxycrataegii sp. novo. ~cale of male: Darker than the scale of the female; small; Oval; quite convex; exuvia. sub-central. ~cale of Female: Rather small. about 1 mID. to 1.5 mm. in diameter; circular to slightly elongate; modera.tely thick and tough; unweathered scales white with a grayish or brown-ish cast; moderately convex with the exuviae at the apex; eXUviae central or sub-central; covered with a whitish se-Cretion; orange-brown in color; ventral scale rather thick and white. ~dUlt fe male: Approximetely c~rcular; rather small; yellow-iSh; EYgidium chitinized with brown chitin; median lobes well developed; about as long as broad; ilmer marging sepa-r~ted by about two or three microns; parallel or slightly dlVerging; inner margins each with a deep notch near the apex; apex well rounded; a deep notch about on~-third the length of the lobe from the apex; second pair of lobes rather Obscure and not well developed. being broa4 rounded or point-ed prominences of the body margins between the inter-lobu-lar incisions- third lobes more rUdimentary than the second pair. being m~re pOinted prominences; inter-lobular incisions Very wide- Earaphyses present- those between the median-rQbes being sle~der rod~llke and in-curved; a small bar of chi-tinization ne~r the bas~s of the outer margins of the lobes and directly cephalad of the outer notch in the margins; inner pafaphysis of the first interlobular incision the longer; paraphyses of the second interlobular incisions co-aleSCing. and horae-shoe-shaped; plates simple and fringed; two laterally fringed plates between the median and second lObes; one narrow and one broad bi-Iaterally fringed plates between the second and third lobes; three slender simple or S11ghtly serrate plates laterad of the rudimentary third lObes; spines located as per figure; anal opening oval. and \. ' , , ". j broadly rounded on each end; moderately large; width equal to about one and one-half and length equal to about two times the diameter of a circumgenital gland pore; located about three times its length from the apices of the median lobes; circumgenltal gland pores arranged linearly in four groups: lNVESTIGATOR ••••••••• ANTERIOR •• ANTERIOR •• POSTERIOR ••••• MEDIAN LATERALS LATERALS HOLLINGER •••••••••••• o •• 2 to 6 •• 1 to 3 •••••• 10rsal pores very numerous and arranged as follows: none between the median lobes; six or seven extending cephalad from the inter-lobular incision between the median and the second lobes; one opening in the body margin just ~aterad of the outer margin of the second lobe; seventeen to nine-teen extending cephalad in an irregular double row from the 1nterlobular inc1sion between the second and the third lobes; twelve to fifteen in a more or less broken row laterad of th1s, extend1ng cephalad from the bases of the three s1mple Or serrate marginal plates; tubular wax ducts rather sho~tt f1lamentous, bi-pis:tonate, and cap1tate; m1cropores, ven-tral pyg1d1al setae, basal and ventral thickenings as in figure. ~marks: This coccid was found abundantly beneath the ex-fOliating bark of the hawthorn and also abundantly on the bark of the osage orange. The writer first collected it in South-west Missouri, then in Kansas City, Missouri, then at Columbia. ~idiotus ulmi Johnson. !spidiotus ulmi Johns. (1896) !9nidiella ulmi Leon. (1900) This insect was first described from the trunk of white or American elm on the University of Illi-nOis 6ampus. Johnson reported it as never 1nfesting the branches or twigs. It was named after the generiC name of the host upon which it was first found. It is somewhat mis-leading to call this coccid the "elm Aspidiotus" in Missouri :11 1 because the writer has collected it upon such a large number of plants and because other species of Aspidiotus are com-monly found upon the elm. This insect is probably quite widely distrib-uted over this country. It has been reported from: Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, New York, Ohio and Wisconsia, and also from Japan. Its host plants, so far as previously recorded, are few in mumber: Catalpa spp., Cycas revoluta, Ulmus amer-icana, and Ulmu.s fulva. In Missouri, this scale insect has been collected upon those plants listed on page 3f7 , and the ones marked with an asterisk (*0 indicate new records. No records of parasitism occur. The writer has often examined parasitized females, but no parasites have been reared or identified. It prefets the rough bark of the trunk of the trees to any other situation, but the writer has found it uPon the twigs and smooth bark of several of its host plants and in one instance found it upon the leaves of hackberry. It OCcurs most abundantly upon: Ulmu.s americana, Juglans nigra, and Catalpa spp. The technical description of Asp~diotuB ulmi JOhnson follows: ~le of male: Smaller than that of the female and more OVal; convex' similar in color and texture to that of the female. ' !~le of female: Moderate size; diameter varying from 1 mm. to 2 rom.' circular' thick and brittle in texture; convex, but Occasionally cr~wded flat due to its location under the bark; snow-white, but often with adhesive extraneous material giVing the scale a sooty or a brownish cast; exuviae laterad Of center' covered with white secretion; color generally bright ora~ge but sometimes brownish to yellowish; ventral 1\ Pygidium of Aspidiotus ulmi Johnson. The known distribution of Missouri Coccidae.-Albert Harold Hollinger. Aspidiotus ulmi Johnson r scale thick and snow-white. Adult female: Moderate size; circular; lemon-yello~ in oolor; ~gidium somewhat retracted; apex of pygidium reddish-brown; rather large and broad with well rounded marginS; median lobes well developed, prominent, very broad, and projeoting well beyond the body margins; inner margins well separated and obsourely notohed near their bases cephalad of a deep notoh near their apices; well rounded apices; notched deeply on their outer margins near their apices about laterad of the inner apical notch; second and third pairs of lobes rudimen-tary; second pair broad, slightly pOinted prominences of the bOdy margin; third pair very rudimentary, being merely indi-cated; inter-lobular incisions deep and wide; paraphyses present, the inner ones the larger; the inner ones laterad of the median lobes being large, ourved and gourd-shaped; very characteristic; Eaates both simple and furcate; a broad, triangular plate occurring between the median lobes; two sim-ple or apically fUrcate plates between the median and second lObes; a Simple plate arising from apparently the lateral margin of the second lobe; two long, simple or furcate plates between the second and third lobes; two to four long, slender spine-like plates laterad of the third lobe; spines located as in figure; anal ope~ing relatively smell; broadly oval; located about five times its length from the apices of the median lobes; ci~mgenita~ g!an~ pore~ generally absent, but Sanders reports from one to three pores in the posterior lateral group in one-fourth of his speCimens; the writer has rarely found any pores present; dorsal gland pores very small and inconspicuous. and arranged as follows: one between the median lobes; three to seven extending oephalad from be-twee~he median and second lobes; one ooourring on the mar-gin at the outer base of the secont lobe, just inside of the inner paraphysis of the inter-lobular incision between the second and third lobes; eleven or twelve extending cephalad from this last incision; eleven or twelve extending cephalad frOm near the fourth pair of spines; tubula~ ~ ducts very Slender, long, filiform, capitate, and apparently non-pis-tonate; micropores. ventral pygidial setae. basil and ventral thiCkenings as in figure. ~~diotus uvae Comst. This insect was first found in Missouri by Pergande, who collected it in Saint Louis in 1875. A short time later it was collected in Ve~ay, Indiana, and it was ftom this material that Comstock described it in 1881. This coccid bears the common name of the "grape scale II because of its destructiveness to the vine. It OCcurs to a limited extent on certain forest · and shade trees. However, these are not injured nearly so much as are grape-vines which often succumb to the attack. When severely in-fested, the vines have the appearance of being covered with a profuse white or brovrnish-white scurf, resembling white-wash. The pest occurs upon the canes of the second years gro~tht and are more or less protected by the shreds of the eXfoliated bark tissue of the previous season's growth. Upon hickory, it frequents the trunk of the tree and infests the tissues under the . hard,protecting, bark-flakes, such as ovcur on Carya ovata (Mill.) K. Koch., the shell-bark hickory. When the scale insect is prevalent in a vineyard, it material-ly retards the development of the vines. Records do not show that there are any varieties or species of grape which are more or less immune to the attacks by this pest. However, the stronger growing and more vigorous plants would evidently Show the least injury as a result of infestation. It is rather widely distributed thruout the Eastern and Central United States, occurring fro~ New Jersey South to Florida and westward to Kansas. It is known to occur in the following: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, Dis-trict of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Maryland, Mississippi, New Jersey, North Carolina Ohio Tennessee Virginia and west Virginia. It " , is not alone confined to this country, but has been reported from: Brazil, Europe, Jamaica, and the West Indies. Its q . .. , occurrence in this state is indicated on the map of distri-bution for this species. A. uvee Comst. has been reported on the follow-ing host plants: ~pelopsis spp., Carya alba, Carya spp. ,. cul-tivated grape, wild grape, European grape, Platanus occiden-talis, and Platanus spp. In Missouri it has been found infes-ting those plants listed on page :3~~. It winters over in this state as a full-grown sexually-mature insect. Specimens found on the twelfth of April, 1916 on wild grape at l;IcBain, l1issouri, showed the in-sects to be thru the last moult. Circumgenital eland pores were found in all the living females. No living males were' found on this date, nor were there any male pupae, altho over one hundred male scales were examined. From this, one is lead to conclude that the male insects either emerge early'in the spring, before the above date, or in the fall, and not so late as June as Zimmer records (/Dt) for this latitude. The , female insect, during late spring and early summer, gives birth to from thirty-five to fifty young. After a brief active periOd of about two days, the nymphs settle down in rows on the grape canes. This habit is due most likely to the de-PreSSions or furrows in the exfoliating bark. The insect does not seem to spread very rapidly, for often there will be a Single Vine in the row that is at all infested, the adjacent Plants being free from scales. Only one generation a year of ~uvae Comst. is said to occur, but possibly two broods oc-CUr in the southern part of its range. q ., r. There seems to be high mortality among them, winter-killing and parasitic insects J::eeping the m down to normal nQ~bers. It seems that they do not all winter in the Same stage due to irregularity and the length of the repro-ductive period. The smaller, immature ones,that ,have not reached the normal wintering condition, succumb to- the sever-ity of the winter. Not a single live insect was found under-neath any of the small, circular, white scales, while scores of dead ones were found under them. As high as eighty per-cent have been reported as being parasitized by minute hymen-opterous insects. The writer has also observed cases of heavy parasitism in a few instances. By April seventeenth, 1916, many of the parasites- had already emerged, altho a few were still found beneath the scales. The following ParaSites have been reported as parasitizing A. uvae Comst.: !plerus clisioc§mpae As~~., Aphelinus fuscipennis How., !.zotus me.rchali How., Centrodora spp., Coccophagus spp., RPlscus varicornis How., Prospaltella murtfeldtii How., and ~1gniphora nulchra Gir. A predacious mite. Tyroglyphus spp. has also been observed attacking this insect. The technical description of A. uvae Comst. fOllows: ~ale of male: Elongate-oval; convex; exuvia laterad of the center; slightly darker than the scale of the female. ~ale of female: lIoderate size; circular; 1 mm. to 1.5 mm. In diameter; moderately thin and tough; flat to slightly con-~ex; brownish or tan-colored; exuviae sub-central, covered. and distinctly yellow; ventral scale thin, white, and con-SPicuous. !1!.U.l t female: Nearly circular; pale yellowish-white; pygidium ._-----Pygidium of Aspidiotus uvae comstock The known distribution of Missouri Coccidae.-Albert Harold Hollillger. Aspidiotus uvee comstock. r relatively broad for its length; with slightly angular or rounded apex; one pair of well developed lobes present; median lobes prominent, projecting, parallel, and well sep-arated; notched on each margin, the inner notch being near the apex of each lobe and the outer notch being about mid-way the length of the lobe; second pair of lobes rudimen-tary ~d pointed near the inner margin; third pair of lobes rUdimentary, being merely indicated; inter-lobular incisione mOderately wide; paraphyses present, the inner ones the larger; plates simple and fringed; two simple plates between the median lobes; two laterally fringed plates laterad of the median lobes; three simple plates, the inner on~ the ~m~ller. between the second and third lobes; three simple Or furcate spine-like plates outside of the third pair of rudimentary lobes; spines as in figure; anal opening modera-tely large; broadly oval; length about three times the diam-eter of a circumgenital gland pore; located about two or three times its length from the apices of the median lobes; ~ircumgenital gland pores arranged in four or five groups as follows: INVEST IGATOR ••••••••• AHTE1UOR •• ANTERIOR •• POSTER lOR ••••• _ LIED H.N LATEP.ALS LATERALS C011STOCK •••••• " •••••• o to 2 •• 4 to 9 •• 3 to 8 • • • • • • -SAlIDERS •••••••••••••• 0 to 4 •• 4 to 9 •• 3 to 7 • ••••• -RER"RIC':T .......... A •••••••••••••• o to 3 •• 3 to 9 •• ;:) to 6 · ...... D. & M •••••••••••••• 0 to 4 •• 4 to 9 •• 3 to 7 • ••••• -HOLLINGER •••••••••••• 0 to 4 •• 3 to 8 •• 3 to 8 •••••• -Limits of Variation •• 0 to 4 •• 3 to 9 •• 3 to 8 •••••• -J2.2RSAL GLAND PORES I1IOD~RATELY NUlvIEROUS; none between the median lobes; four extending cephalad from the inter-lobular inCiSion between the median and second lobes; one opening on he margin laterad of the second lobe" nine or ten extending cephalad from the incision between th~ second and third lObes; seven to nine laterad of this row; tubular wax ducts l:'elatively sho~t; somewhat filamentous; capitate and uni-~1stonate; micropores. ventral pygidial setae, basal and antral thickenings as in figure. q . . ' ' ) Genus Aulacaspis Ckll. This genus was first separated from the old genus Diaspis Costa, in 1893, by Cockerell. This generic division was further substantiated in 1901 by Newstead. The majority of the recent systematists acknowledge its present rank, and several new coccids have been at once described under Aulacaspis instead of under the old name, Diaspis. The technical characters of this genus are: &cale of male: Elongate; parallel-sided; white; carinated; exavia cephalo-marginal. ,§,cale of female: Generally nearly circular; slightly convex; mOderately thick and tough; white; exuviae sub-central to SUb-marginal. !~ult female: Resembling Chionaspid and Phenacaspid females; dlffering from Diaspis females in possessing the curvilinear arrangement of the dorsal gland pores, and in the nature of the gland spines. The two species which are known to occur in Missouri may be separated by the following analytical key: A •••• Median lobes prominent and projecting from the pygidium; anterior group in the second row of dorsal gland pores absent •••••••••••••••• Aulacaspis pentagona (Targ.) AA ••• Median lobes retracted into the pygidium; second row of dorsal gland pores represented by the anterior group •••••••••••••••••••••• Aulacaspis rosae (Bouche) Aulacaspis pentagona (Targ.) ~aspis pentagona Tare. (1885) ~aspis anwgdali Tryon (1889) ~aspls lanatus Morg. & Ckll. (1892) ! J . f ? Ohionaspis prunicola ~.Iask. (1894) ~iaspis patelliformis Sasaki (1894) ~iaspis lunata Green (1896) ? Howardia prunicola ~irk. (1902) This coccid bears the co~non name of the n;7est Indian Peach Scale", altho it has occasionally been referred to in literature as the "white scale". In all probibility. the n~tive home of this insect is in the west Indies. It has become established in many other countries due to importations of foreign nursery and greenhouse plants. In this country it has be8n reported from: California, Florida, Georgia, Liassachusetts, Mississippi. Ohio and :'lashington, D. C. It has been found in the follow-ing foreign countries: Barbados, Brazil, Cape Colony, Ceylon, China, England, Fiji Islands, Grand Cayman Island, Hawaiian ISlands, India, Italy. Jamaica, Japan, lJauritius, Eartinique, New South ~'lales, new Zealand, Queensland, San Domingo, Swi tz-erland, Trinidad, and Antigua. In l.1iss9uri, it has been collected by the \"lri ter in Kansas Oi ty on flowering cherry trees which had been imported from Kanagawa, Japan. It was fOUnd associated with Parlatoria theae Ckll. on the same twigs. None of the insects were alive, nor were there any eggs or emp-ty egg-shells. They all had probably been killed either be-fore or during ship~ent. The food plants of this pest are very numer-ous, vlhich partly accounts for its wide distribution. It has been found on: Acanthus, dwarf flowering almond, Argyria speciosa, Bryophyllum calycinium, Callicarpa lanata, Calo-tropis procera, Capsicum, Carica papaya, cherry, Japanese flowering cherry, Jamaica cotton, chinaberry, Cycas media, f'uebias, geranium, Cape gooseberry, Gossypium barbadense, Granadilla, grape, Guazuma ulmifolia, Hibiscus esculentus, Ipomea, Jasminum, Jassium, yellow jessamine, morning glory, mulberry, Myoporum insulare, oleander, Passiflora, peach, dwarf peach, pear, pecan, Pelargonium, persim~on, plum, privit, Polygala myrtifolia, ~unus pandula, P. pseudo-cera-sus, Solanum canadehse, Tylophora asthmatica, walnut, and Zizyphus. In regards to its habits, Tryon ( ) ~ ) states: tt At first its presence is betrayed by snaIl, white spots or patches on the bark of the smaller branches, but as time goes on, these soon become in many places confluent, and the in-diVidual scales overlap one another, or are contorted by being squeezed together closely, or even appear to lie one oVer another, and where the male scales crowd together, these Spots present a more finely chaffy appearance; as it will OCCur quite up to the tips of the branches, the complete de-struction of any tree subjected to the attack of the peach Scale, ~.nd owing to it, is only a matter of time. When al-ready on the branches in patches prior to the formation of the leaves and fruit in early spring, it does not hinder their formation; the leaves are green as usual, the fruit sets, but is soon retarded in its growth and shrivels up. This coccid is far from being generally distributed in (~'U.eenSland • 1. (J I J Pygidium of Aulacaspis pentagona (Targ.) The known distribution of Missouri Coccidae.-A Ibert H (Jrold H oflinger. Aulacaspis pentagona (Targ.) I 8A1tTON D"OE .JASPER LAW NEwTON 8~RRY M'i DQN. In this latitude the insect over-winters as the mature female. Eggs are deposited early in IJay, and the young hatch by the middle of 1.iay. The male insects begin to issue by the middle of June and impregnate the females. Eggs are again laid about the end of June. There are three gen-erations, the second one becoming full-gro,Vll by the middle of August, and the third one over-wintering. This coccid is attacked by a number of enemies notably lady bird beetles and hymenopterous parasites, those of the latter being: Ablerus clisiocampae Ash., Aspidioto-ILhagus cltrinus Craw, Archenomus bicolor, Perissopterus ;e..ulchel'us How., Prospaltel\o,berlesei How., and P. murtfelc!lli How. The technical description is as follows: ~cale of male: Elongate with nearly parallel sides; length about I mm.; width about .5 mm.; pure white; uni-carinate or Obscurely tricarinate; exuvia light orange in color • .§sale of female: Moderate size; diameter about 1.5 IPH. to 2 mm.; circular to slightly ovoid; moderately thick and tough; quite convex; white, grayish-white or brovmish-whi te; Often covered with extraneous, adhesive material; exuviae sUb-central to sub-marginal; orange-yellow in color; ventral scale moder~.tely thick and white. ~ault female: Broadly obovate; moderate size; yellowish or orange-colored; pygidium very wide with a more or lass ~ngular a2ex; ~Ot'i.arE'tely chitin i zed; me dian lobes very proTJ1l.nent, prOjecting, broad and coalescing at their beses; triangular in general outline with well rounded apices; notched three Or four times on both the inner and the outer margins near the epices; second pair of lobes with the inner lobule well aeV'elopea, extending caudad as far as the upper-ffiost notch Of the medien lobes; each inner margin perpendicular to the boay wall; each outer margin converging to e rounded angular apex; outer lobule small, rudimentary, pointed or rounded; third pair of lobes with each lobule sub-equal, and with round-ea Or pointed apices; a conspicuous gland pore located at the base of each lobule of the third pair of lobes; cephalo-Iater-ad of these are two small pe,irs of more or less rounded or Serrate lobe-like prominences of the body-well; one small ~land-spine bet~een the medien and the second lobes; one J 0,1 longer glend-spine between the outer lobule of the seco~d and the inner lobule of the third lobe; one or two caudo-lateral of the third group of marginal glar-d openings; two to five bet'Neen the third and fourth groups of marginal gland pores; five to seven cephalo-lateral of the fourth gr~up of marginal gland pores; ordinary marginal spines located as in figure; anal opening transverse; broadly oval; width equal to three and length equal to two times the diameter of a cir-CQ~genital gl~nd pore; located about centrally in the pygi-dium, between the caudal ends of the anterior lateral groups of circumgeni tal gland pores, end opposite the VE'.eina1 open-ing; circumgenital gland pores arranged in five croups, as follo\'ls: INVESTIGATOB ••••••••• ANTERIOR •• AlfTERIOR •• POSTERIOR ••••• -1iEDIAN Ll;l.TEP . .ALS LATERALS RILEY & Hm7.L"ID ••••••• 10 to 20 •• 23 to 32 ••• 22 to 32 ••••• -EERRICK •••••••••••••• 12 to 21 •• 34 to 47 ••• 29 to 40 ••••• -HOLLINGER •••••••••••• 15 to 16 •• 23 to 37 ••• 27 to 35 •••••• --limits of Variation •• lO to 21 •• 23 to 47 ••• 22 to 40 •••••• ---¥RSAL GLDID PORES A..rtRANGED n~ TO,'IO ROWS, generally, but rare-Y a single gland occurs in the posterior groups of the first and second rows; variable, as follows: INVEsTIGATOR •••••••• ANTERIOR ••••••••••••••••• POSTERIOR ••• ••••• __ .lst •• 2d ••• 3rd •••• 4th. Ist •••• 2d ••••• 3d •••• 4th •• HOLLINGER •••• 0 .. 0 ••• 3-5 ••• 2-7 •••• 0-1 •••• 0-1 •••• 5-6 ••• 7-8 •• ----MICROPORES A1~ VENT~\L PYGIDIAL SETAE occur as in the figure. Au1acaspis rosae (Bouche) ~idiotus rosae Bouche (1834) ~epis rosse Sign. (1869) ~acsspiS rosae Ckll. (1896) This insect is better known by one of its syn-on1ms than under its present scientific name. It seems to be of almost universal distribution, having been found in : Australia, Canada, Chili, China, Demerara, Europe, Fiji, Hawaiia.l1 Islands, Japan, 11exico, New Zealand, Peru, end the ':lest Indies. Its distribution is probably even wider than this would indicate. Without a doubt, it will be found in every country i~ the world. In the United states it has been reported from: Arizona, California, Indiana, Iowa, Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi, New York, Ohio, .Texas, and Wisconsin, but probably occurs 'in other ple.ces as Mlell. In Missouri it has been found in those counties indicated on the map of distribution for this species. The food plants of thiS coccid are not very numerous. It has been reported trom : Ailanthus, both wild and cultivated blackberry, Cycas, dewberry, mango, myrtle, pear. raspberry, many s~ecies and varieties of roses. In this state the writer has collected it from those plants listed on page~~~ • It is very conspicuous, being snaw-white in cOlor. I.lost damage is done by this pest to old rose bushes Or to over-crowded berry bushes that grow in dark, moist, Or shaded pla~es. On badly infested canes the scales give the surface the appearance of having been white-washed. it does not pass the winter in this latitude in anyone partic-Ular stage, but may hibernate in any stage from the eggs to the mature females. Its broods are very irregular and over-lapPing. Parasitic Hymenoptera often do much good in reducing its numbers. Aphelinus diaspidis How. and Archeno-~agu! chionaspidis have been reared. j fI , ) Pygidium of Aulacaspis rosae (Bouche) The known distribution of Missouri Coccidae.-Afbert Harold Hol/inger. Aulacaspis rosae (Bouche) r 1 0,. The technical description follows: Scaleo~ male: About 1 mm. long and .4 mrn. wide; narrow and parallel-sided; rounded at the caudal extremity; distinctly tri-carinated, the median carina being the highest, and run-ning under the exact caudal extremity of the yellow or straw-colored exuvis: exuvia naked: about one-fourth the length of the scale, and cephalo-terminal. tcale of female: Nearly circular; diameter about 2.5 mm. or mm.; irregular in shape when infesting a stem in large numbers: thin, but strong of texture; slightly convex; snow-white in color, but occasionally appearing dark, due to the insect and the eggs beneath the scale; first exuvia generally naked, but occas'onally partly covered with powdery secretion; second exuvia about twice the length of the first and covered with secretion; exuviae yello\"Iish or light-brownish in color; SUb-marginal to SUb-central; ventral scale snow-white and thin to moderately thick. !.dult female: Moderate to large in size; obovate; red-brown in color; !ygidiUm nearly circular and the transverse diame-ter slight y the longer; three pairs of well developed lobes; median lobes deeply retracted into the pygidial apex; outer margins fused with the body wall thruout the greater part of iheir lengths, their apices only being free; bases of median obes fused; inner margins serrate and widely diverging; in-~er lobule of the second lobe slightly larger than the outer; t erminating caudad in a well rounded apex about laterad of he apices of the median lobes· inner lobule of the third lObe distinctly longer than th~ outer, and well rounded; a fOurth nair of rUdimentary lobes also present caudad of the third group of marginal gland pores; gland-spines prominent ~d located as follows: one between the median lobes and the lirst marginal gland pore prominence; one between the outer nObula of the second pair of lobes and the gle~d pore p~omioenc~ of the second group of marginal gland pores; one Ju~t utslde the outer lobule of the third pair of lobes; ona Just ~audad of the fourth group of the marginal gland pores; two SO four cephalo-laterad of this sane group of pores; ordinary ~n~ as in figure; anal opening about centrally locat~d in ahe Pygidium; circular; diameter '=tqual to about two tim",s the iameter of a circumgenital gland pore; circumgenital gland ~ores arranged in five more or less coalescing groups, as ollows: IlrvEST IGATOR •••••••• • A?TE7\IOR • • AFT ;c~nO';'~ •• ?05T~RIO~ •• • • • ____ 1.3D1:A.H LATERALS LAT~?AL8 C01lSTOCl( . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 •• 25 to 35 •• 25 to 35 ••••• ---------------------------------------SAlD) To' RS ....;.,.. • ••........... 18 to 22 •• 25 to 32 •• 26 to 34 ••••• • ------------------------------------------f r" J .. ,; HE-~lICK •••••••••••••• 8 to lS •• 21 to 31 •• 19 to 29 •••••• D. & U •••••••.•••••• 17 to 25 •• 25 to 29 •• 24 to 29 •••••• HOLLINGER •••••••••••• 9 to 32 •• 16 to 32 •• 19 to 36 •••••• Limits of Varietion •• S to 32 •• 16 to 35 •• 19 to 36 •••••• dorsal pores arranged generally in three rows, rarely in four; grouped us follO't.:"IS: ilfYEST IGATOR •••••••• AlJTERIOR ••••••••••••••••• .POSTERIOR •••••• 1st. 2d. 3d. 4th. 1st. 2d. 3d. 4th. SAlIDERS •••••••• O ••• 2-3 ••• 4-5 ••• 4-6 •••• 0 ••••• 0 •••• 5-6 ••• G-S •• HOLLINGER •••• O-3 ••• 0-4 ••• 4-5 ••• 4-S •••• 0 ••••• 0 •••• 3-4 ••• 4-6 •• -~~mits ••••••• O-3 ••• 0-4 ••• 4-5 ••• 4~S •••• O ••••• O •••• 3-6 ••• 4-S •• --micropores and ventral pygidial setae as per figure. ~~ On 27th. January, 97 mmm. in diameter, and 212 ~=m.16ng; pale cinamon-brown. Genus Chionaspis Signoeet. The members of this genus comprise those spe-cies of Diaspinae in which the scale of the female is long and Generally mllch widened posteriorly. The exuviae are at the cephalis end. The outline of the scale raay be more or less irregular. as in C. furfura or in C. gleditsiae, or it may be nearly parallel sided, as in C. pinifoliae. The con-~exity of the scale varies from almost flat, as in C. furfura to distinctly convex, as in C. salicis-nigrae. In case the scale is more or less irregular in oat1ine. it may possibly j II J , I ; bear a slight resemblance to scales of some of the females of the genus Diaspis. There is, however, little difficulty in separating the two genera. ~~en the scales are regular in outline, they resemble the scales of the females of Lepidos&-12hes. However, there is no normal scale of Lepidosaphes that is white, and with the exceptions of C. citri and C. euonymi, there are no scales of Chionaspis that are brownish-black or dark colored. The scale of the male insect will easily dis-tinguish this genus from the genus Lepidosaphes, for the Scales of the latter are never white, while those of Chionas-~ are always white. The scale of the male is generally tri-carinated and is elongate. In a few csses it is non-car-inated, while some few species are uni-carinated. The sides of the scale are parallel, and the exuvia is at the cephalic end. The ventral scale is complete, forming with the dorsal scale a sac or tube. In the 'scale of the female, · the exuviae are dis-tinctly segmented. The first exuvia is naked and partly cO"V-ering the second which is more or less covered with waxy ma-terial. The scale is white, with the two exceptions noted above, but the surface is often covered with extraneous ad-heSive material, such as dirt or the epidermal layer of the bark. The female insect is elongated and slightly broadened posteriorly, with the pygid~um tapering. The body 1s distinctly segmented. On each side of the abdominal seg-ments there is a group of nearly circular gland orifices. They are much more distinct on those segments just cephalad .10.1 of the pygidium than on those near the thorax. On the dorsal surface between the posterior segments are more or less dis-tinct rows of oval gland pores. On the pygidium of the fe~ale there , are two or three pairs of lobes. The median lobes vary greatly, but generally project from the margin of the pygidium. Each of the second and third pairs of lobes is composed of two lobu-les, the inner one of each pair being the larger. The gland-spines are usually simple but occasionally there will be spines with bi-furcate apices. The spines generally increase in length from the meson cephalo-Iaterally. Circumgenital gland pores are rarely absent, and are commonly arranged in five groups which often merge together. The species of Chionaspis which are knmVIl to occur in 1.Iissouri may be readily separated by the following synoptic table of species: A •• Dorsal gland pores very numerous and apparently without a definite grouped arrangement; lobes and lobules small, tho distinct ••••••••••••• Chione.spis euonymi Comst. !A.Dorsal gland pores generally not so numerous, and arranged in Vlell defined rows end groups; lobes prominent ••••••• B •• Second roVi of dorsal gland pores generally lacking, al-tho rarely represented by the anterior group of one or two •....................•.....•••. ··············· C •• LIedian lobes distinctly notched on the lateral margins; inner Margins fused for at least part of their length; elongate,qlavate, chitinous thickening arising from between the bases of the median lobes •••••• •••••••• t ; iI J ••••••• ~ ••••••••••••• C~10naspis americana Johnson. CC.iledian lobes entire end rounded; inner margins approx-.imate and parallel thruout their entire lengths; a broad, clavate, chitinous thickening arising from between the bases of the median lobes •••••••••••••• ••••••••••••••••••••• Chionaspis furfura (Fitch) CCC.LIedian lobes not notche4, but serrate; more or less pOinted ••••..............•.........•........•.•••.• D • • Median lobes well separated betvJeen inner margins; apices more or less triangular; outer lobule of second pair of lobes rudimentary, being small and pOinted or rounded; third pair of lobes rudimen-tary ••••••••••••••• Chionaspis gleditsiae Sanders. DD.Eedian lobes not separated between the inner mar-gins, but fUsed along their entire length; apices lnore or .less reflexed cephalo-laterally; outer lobule of second pair of lobes well developed, reflexed, and serrate; third pair of lobes well developed, and similar to the second pair; par-aphysis arising from between the bases of the median 101)es broadly triangular; anterior group of fdmrth row of dors~l gland pores entirely absent •••••••••••• Chionaspis acernamani SPa novo. BB.Second roVl of dorsal gland pores always pre8t'lnt, or rarely lEc1{ing; represented by the anterior eroup ••• C •• Anterior group o=: second row of dorsal gland pores made up entirely or in large })Drt of SMall circular pores; three ~airs of well developed, rounded, en-11 I t · 1 b r." • . • ,... ( .. , 1 h) lre 0 es ••••••• vnlonaS0 18 S8_lC ls-nlgrae ,ja s . CC .t:..nterior group of the second. row of n ors El gl[\Dd pores m~cle up entirely of th8 resular type •••••••••••••••• D •• Eedian lobes fused for at least pe.rt of the length of the inner margins •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• E •• 1.Iedian lobes rounded, entire, laree e:::ld. broad; a large, broad, elongate-oval parayhysis arising from between the bases of the median lobes •••• ••••••••••••••••• Chionaspis caryae Cooley EE.hledian lobes pointed and notched or serrate ••••• F •• :Median lobes notched; distinctly pointed, and very prominent; inner margin of each median lobe as long as the outer margin; second pair of lobes small, but each lobule distinctly notched; outer lobule well separated from the inner one •••••• Chionaspis parkii SPa novo. FF.Median lobes serrate; unnotched; obscurely point-ed; inner margin of each median lobe about one-third the length of the outer; second pair of lobes well developed, with unnotched, serrate \ lobules; the inner lobule much the larger; a bulb-shaped paraphysis arising from between the bases of the median lobes •••••••••••••••• ••• ••••••••••••••• Chionaspis sylvatica Sanders. DD.Median lobes not fused along their inner margins •• E •• Median lobes projecting well beyond the margin of the body; lobes and lobules long and serrate •• ••••••••••••••••• Chionaspis longiloba Cooley 1 , I~ Pygidium of Chionaspis acernamani sp. novo. The known distributi on of Missouri Coccidae.-Afbert Harold Hoffillger. Chionaspis acernamani sp. novo. I aARTON OA.DE .JASPER LAW NEWTON Mi nON. EE.lIedi~n lobes retracted into the pygidium; diver-gent and forming a notch or crotch •••••••••••• F •• 11edian lobes small, and widely separated thru-out their' entire length by at least one-third the breadth of each lobe; entire; anterior group of dorsal gland pores composed of small circular openings •.•••••••••••••••••••••••••• ••••••••.•••••• Chionaspis ninifoliae (Fitch) FF.hledi~~ lobes large; widely separated only at the apices; very divergent; serrate lobes and lob-ules; dorsal gland pores all of the ordinary oval type •••••• Chionaspis platani Cooley. Chionaspis acernamani species novo ~ale of male: Small, slender, more or less oval; exuvia ter-m~nal. and light brovm; color white; non-carinated to uni-carinated; about one-third the length of the female scale. ~ale of female: Moderate size; whitish; often partly covered ~~th extraneous adhesive material; about 2 mm. long; more or e~s broadly pyriform to irregular in shape; flat and rather tth~n; exuviae relatively large, occupying one-fourth to one-hird the length of the scale; brownish and covered. !.dult female: Pygidium more or less broadly triangular in Outline, with the lateral margins rounded; three pairs of ~ell developed lobes present; median lobes fused together at heir bases, but prominent, projecting and broad; inner mar-gins strongly divergent, serrate; apices more or less reflexed; ~uter margins serrate; second pair of lobes cleft into two road lobules, the inner ones the larger and more prominent. ConVerging. pointed, and apparently crowded at the outer bases Of the median lobes; strongly serrate; outer lobules distinct. Prominent serrate and similar to the inner lobules; third Pair of l~bes well'developed; the inner lObule similar t4 th~se Of the second pair· outer lobules more or less rudimentary; a stout, more or les; triangular paraphysis between the bases of the median lobes. slight narrow paraphyses medio-laterad of the inner lobule~ of the'second and third lobes; Sland spines arranged as follows: 1. 1. 1, 1. 3-5; ordinary marginal spines as in figure; anal opening approximately circular. about cen-1 , i trally located in the pygidium; diameter about twice that of a circumgenital gland pore; circumgenital gland pores arranged as follows: INVEST IGATOR ••••••••• AIITERIOR •• ANTERIOR •• POSTERIOR ••••• l~rED IAN LATERALS L..A ... TER.:JJS HOLLnmER •••••••••••• 7 to 9 •• 13 to 26 •• 14 to 26 •••••• dorsal gland pores few and arranged in two rows; the anterior group of the fourth row always absant; variable as follows: nN'~ST IGATOli •••••••• AlJTERIOR ••••••••••••••••• POSTERIOR •••••• _ 1st. 2d. 3d. 4th. 1st. 2d. 3d. 4th. HOLLI11GER •••••• O •••• 0 •••• 0-2 •••• 0 ••••• 0 ••••• 0 •••• 1-2 ••• 2-4 •• --~rginal gland pores arranged as follows: 1, 2, 2, 2; micro-pores, ventral pygidial setae, basal and ventral thickenings as in figure. ~marks: This species was collected by Parks from maple. The tyPe is to De depOSited in the coccid collection of the United States Bureau of Entomology. Chionaspis americana Johnson. This scale insect has been known to science only since 1896. Undoubtedly it had been observed earlier, but had gone undescribed, being m&staken for the scurfy scale Or the willow scale which it resembles. In Johnson's brief notes regarding this species, he stated (~ ) that he named it because he considered it to be a native form, and judging from its present knovm distribution. he was correct in his surmise. The states from which it is reported are: Connecticut, Illinois, L~diana, Iowa, Kansas, Louisiana, M:assachusetts. 1.iinnesota, l':ississippi. Ne'.v York, Ohio. Okla-homa, Texas, and Wisconsin. The writer has collected it in t I ./ Chionaspis americana Johnson about natural size on the bark of Ulmus americana L. Note the striking appearance of the scales of the males. Chionaspis americana Johnson somewhat enlarged on the bark of elm. 1 ) IIichigan and Missouri. In this state, it is quite generR.lly distributed, as its map of distribution will show. The food plants of C. americana Johns. are few in number: apple, Crataegur coccinea, elm, hackberry, hickory, Ulmus americana, U. fulva, and U. montana. In this state the writer has found it on those plants listed on page 3~~ , and those marked with an asterisk (*) are new records. It attacks the host from the exposed roots to the tips of the twigs, and sometimes even attacks the leaves. The majority, however, occur on the branches and twigs from the size of a lead pencil to several inches in circumference where the bark is fairly smooth and not too thick. The males COmmonly congregate in abundance on the lower surface of the leaves along the principal veins. After once located on the leaves, they soon give them a speckled appearance, due to the Yellowing of the leaves at the pOints at which the buccal setae enter the tissues. Occasionally a stray female will also locate on the leaves. The female scales are often cov-ered with a bro\vnisb layer of bark. The young insects, in sUch cases, must have burrowed slightly under the epidermis. In Missouri the young were observed to be hatChing on the twenty-fourth of April, 1916. Young were also found on the first of June and on the t'.Venty-first of JUly, 1916. l.:ale pupae were found on the t\I';'enty-third of .AUgust, 1916. FrO::l thi~, it appears that in this latitude it is at least three brooded end possibly more. It is attacked by Y' 8.rasitic Hymenopt~ra which 1 1 . 1 ., , j .. , Chionaspis americana Johns. much enlarged on the bark of elm. The male scales are more easily discerned than the scales of the females. Chionaspis americana Johns. greatly enlarged to show the scales of the females on elm bark. 1 , may aid in lessening the number of scales. However, they sometimes fail to do even this, for young trees and branches of old ones have been observed to be entir~ly encrusted and killed. Certain birds also do much good at times by feeding on it. ParkS observed the cat-bird, red-eyed virio, chickadee, and the downy woodpecker attaok the scales. The writer has often observed twigs, formerly thickly encrusted, which had been pecked off by birds, leaving scarsely an en-tire scale on the tree. The technical description of C. americana Johnson follows: !caIe of male: MOderate size; about 1 mm. long; elongate, parallel-sided; doe8Um distinctly tri-carinate; normally snow-white; exuvia about .3 Mm. long; pale yellow to stray-colored • . ~cale of female: Rather large; about 3 mm. l&ng and 1 mm. iIde; rather thick and ~irm in texture; tapering from the cephalic end to about the middle where it normally is the broadest; slightly convex to very convex; conspicuous; nor-mally snow-white, but often with sooty or brownish extran-~ous adhesive matter; exuviae brownish, and about .6 to .7 mm. ong; ventral scale white, thin, but apparent. !!U1t female: Elongate-ovate; widest near the pygid~um; ye1-t OWiSh or purplish-brown; Plsidium moderate size; broadly riangu1ar in outline; two paIrs of well developed lobes; ~dian lobes prominent, prOjecting, fUsed at the bases and along most of their inner margins; apioes approximate and -ell rounded; with two notches on their outer margins midway Of their lengths; second pair of lobes oonverging, and very Close to the outer bases of the median lobes; inner lobule of each prominent, well rounded, and deeply .otched on the outer ~rgin; outer lobule of each rudimentary, entire, and bluntly ~ound'd: th1rd pa1r of lobes rud1mentary and well alparate' trom the other pa1r; oons1sting of two a11ght11 pr030ot1ng mar-Sinal prominenoeo· an elongate, olavate, faraPhls1s extend1ng Cephalad from bet~een the fUsed bases of h8 me , ian lobes; . ~and spines prominent and arranged as follows cephalo-laterad .- rom the outside of the median lobes: 1, 1-3, 2-4, 2-5, 3-'1f -11H Pygidium of Chionaspis americana Johnson The known distribution of Missouri Coccidae.-Albert Harold Hollinger. Chionaspis americana Johns. I * those in group #3 often bi-furcate at the apices; ordinary marginal setae as in' figure; anal opening approximately cir-CUlar, and about three times the diameter of a circumgenital gland pore; located about centrally in the pygidium; circum-~nital gland pores in five groups, and arranged more or less festoon-like, as follows: INVEST IGATOR ••••••••• ANTER lOR •• ANTERIOR •• POSTER lOR ••••• ___________ ~l=vIED==_." IAN LATERALS LATERALS COOLEY ••••••••••••••• 20 to 30 •• 18 to 42 •• 20 to 30 •••••• s'~~~~Q 20 t .tU".1J..u ... ~ • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 0 30 •• 18 to 42 •• 20 to 30 •••••• -EERRICK •••••••••••••• 16 to 25 •• 21 to 31 •• 17 to 24 •••••• -D. & M •••••••••••••• 16 to 30 •• 17 to 29 •• 20 to 24 •••••• -HOLLINGER •••••••••••• 7 to 38 •• 8 to 37 •• 7 to 30 •••••• -limits of Variation •• 7 to 38 •• 8 to 42 •• 7 to 30 •••••• --!orsal gland pores always with the third and fourth rows present, and rarel; with the anterior group of the second row present; variaile as follows: !NVESTIGATOR •••••••• ANTERIOR ••••••••••••••••• POSTERIOR ••••• -COOLEY ••••••••• 0 •••• 0 •••• 4_6 •••• ? ••.• 0 ••••• 0 •••• 4_5 •••• ?. -SANDERS •••••••• 0 •••• 0 •••• 4-6 ••• 4-5 •••• 0 ••••• 0 •••• 4-5 ••• 4-6 •• -~~ & M ••••.•••• 0 •••• 0 •••• 4-6 ••• 3-5 •••• 0 ••••• 0 •••• 4-5 ••• 5-8 •• __ 6 , H 1-7 1-9 OLLINGER •••••• O ••• O_l... •• • •• 0 ••••• 0 •••• 1-6 ••• 2-10. * ---____________________ ~0~-~1~0~x~0-~1~6~x~ ________________ --__ _ lie Limits of 1-7 1-9 V ••• 0 ••• 0-1.... ..0 ••••• 0 •••• 1-6 ••• 2-10. ~riation O-lOx 0-16x ~;~======================================================= 1n one series of specimens, there were small,circular gland Pores accompanying the ordinary oval type, and are indicated 1n the tables by an (x); similar small gland pores occur in others of this genus, notably c. salicis-nigrae (Walsh); mi-cropores and ventral pygidial setae occur as in figure. I ') ., '. , Chionaspis caryae Cooley Cooley first described this scale insect in the "Canadian Entomologist", volume XXX, page 86, for the year 1898. The type material came from Washington, D. C. Its specific name comes from the name of the host on which it was first found. It has been found only in this country, as follows: Indiana, OhiO, and Washington, D. C. In this state the writer has collected it south and west of Columbia, but it probably occurs elsewhere in the state. Its reported food plants are: .Carya alba, hickory, and Reed,in Indiana, reports it from Juglans nigra. In lUssouri, the writer has collected it only from Carya glabra (I.Iill.) Spach. It is quite inconspicuous, being a dirty-white COlor, and not contrasting much with the gray bark of its host. In OhiO, Sanders reports (F~) malformations of the YOung twigs due to its work. No records of predacious or parasitic enemies Of this coccid have ever been reported. The technical description of C. ceryae Cooley fOllows: ~ale of male: About one-half mm. long; ovate, snow-white; dorsum relatively flattened; rather thick, and faintly uni-carinated, if at all; exuvia pale brownish to stra'v-colored; ab 1 ventrftl scale white·, out one-third the length of the sca e; ~ lOcated on petioles of leaves, leaflets. both surfaces of the Pygidium of Chionaspis caryae Cooley The known distributi on of Missouri Coccidae.-Albert Harold Hollinger. Chionaspis caryae Cooley_ eAR.TON DAOE JASP[R LA" NEWTON 8ARRY M'iOON . r leaves, as well as on the bark of the trunk and branches. §..cale of female: IVloderate sixe; ab out. f. rr,m. long; trregular in form, generally curved, broadening rather suddenly just posterior to the exuviae, end generally broadest at about the middle; moderately convex; rather firm and thick in texture; very incons:!.)icuo~~s; exuviae covdred, Wld about one-third t!1e length of th8 sc,ale; ventral scale white and moderately con-Spic1lous. Ac1ult femEl e: :.=oderate si ze; 1)8.1 e orange-brown to pinkish-brown; pyp.;idiur1 dark-brm'm dup, to chitinization; somewhat tric..ngular with rounded lateral margins; median lobes broad, pro jecting, well rounded, entire; inner F12vrgins fused for about one-half their length, and diverging caudad; second pa~:r of lobes approxim.ate to the P.ledi~m, Vlell developed, with the inner lobule the larger, converging; sliehtly serrate; rounded at the ap ices; outer lobule less developed, broadly rOunded and serrate; third pair of lebes less developed, with fairly promirient, serrate lobules; rounded to obscurely POinted; well sepe.rated from the second pair of lobes; a broad clavate paraphysis extending cephalad from the fused bases of the median lobes; gland spines arranged e.s follows: 1, I, 1-2. 1-2, 4-7; ordinary marginal spines as in figure; anal 0yening rather small; circular; with diameter equal to about t\.'j' ce that of a circurpgeni tal eland pore; located about two-thirds thG length of the pygidiu~ fro~ the apex; circumgenital gland l2...ore§., arranged in five groups, as f0110\";s: INVEST IGATOR ••••••••• AlJTERI03 •• AnTERIOR •• POSTERIO~~ ••••• _ !.IED IAlI LAT~P..l\LS LATERAJ:.S COOLEY ••••••••••••••• 12 to 19 •• 21 to 29 •• 15 to 22 •••••• -SANDE3S •••••••••••••• 10 to 18 •• 20 to 29 •• 15 to 22 •••••• -D. & M •••••••••••••• 10 to 19 •• 20 to 29 •• 15 to 22 •••••• -HOLLINGER •••••••••••• 7 to .13 •• 9 to 25 •• 4 to 17 •••••• -~1mits of Variation ••• 7 to 19 •• 9 to 29 •• 4 to 22 •••••• --iQrsal gland pores generally in three rows, e.nd rarely with a Pore in the first row; variable as follows: INVESTIGATOR •••••••• ANTERIOR ••••••••••••••••• POSTERIOR •••••• __ 1st. 2d. 3d. 4th. 1st. 2d. 3d. 4th. COOTT.'Y 0 1 4 4 '5 4 6 0 0 3-5 ••• 4-5 •• ~ ......... ... - ... - ... - ............ . -----------------------------------------------------------1 .) '. t SANnERS •••••••• 0 ••• 1-4 ••• 4-5 ••• 4-6 •••• 0 •••• 0 •••• 3-5 ••• 4-5 ••• D. & ~ ••..•••• 0 ••• 1-4 ••• 4-6 ••• 4-6 •••• 0 •••• 0 •••• 3-5 ••• 4-5 ••• HOLLINGER •••••• O ••• O-4 ••• l-5 ••• 3-7 ••• 0-l ••• 0 •••• l-5 ••• 2-6 ••• Limits of ••••• O ••• 0-4 ••• 1-6 ••• 3-7 ••• 0-l ••• 0 •••• l-5 ••• 2-6 ••• _Variation micropores and ventral pygidial setae as in figure; marginal gland pores variable as follows: 1-2-2-1, 1-2-2-2, 1-2-2-3, 1-2-2-4, 1-2-2-5. Chionaspis euonymi Comstock This insect and its destructive habits were first described by Comstock in 1881. In 1886 Lictenstein reported that at .Montpellier, France, it was so destructive to Euonymus, that it made the cultivation of plcnts of that genus almost impossible. Serious injury hes been reported from Japan and from certain parts of this country. Its known distribution is as fol101,"/S: E..YJ.gland, France, Japan, Italy, and the United State s. In this country it has been reported from the following: California, Delaware, District of Columbia, Georgia, Maryland, Massachusetts, l;:1s-sisSippi, lJew Jersey, Hew York, north Carolina, OhiO, Penn-SYlvania, South Carolina, Texas, and Virginia. In this state, it has been collected from only two localities, first in a greenhouse in Kanscs City on the twenty-first of April, 191&, and second from Larrimer at Charleston. Larrimer sent in lIlany t'.vigs of Euonymus radicans which were thoroughly infested by it, the leaves and petioles appearing white, due to the abUndance of the scales of the males. There also occurred a , \) I ' • . I few scattered brownish female scales on the leaves, but the vast majority of the females was on the twigs or stems. The males prefer the lower surface of the leaves, but they were also found in clusters on the upper surface of some of the leaves. Each infested leaf clearly showed the effect of the attack, by appearing a mottled green and yellow color. Larrimer reports many such vines as being killed by this peat and the owners were doing nothing to control it. The females When received on the twenty-seventh of September, 1916, were nearly mature, for they had moulted twice, but they were not fUll-grovln, nor did they contain embryos. The male shad preViously emerged to fertilize the maturing females. The attacks of this coocid are confined almost exclUsively to the genus Euonymus, altho it has beem reported from the common, wild bitter-sweet, where it was growing in prOXimity to infested Euonymus plants. There seems to be no appreciable degree of immunity between the native wild species and the introduced or horticultural varieties of Euonymus. In the eastern perts of this country, it is of common occur-rence to See native wild plants dying or ~illed by this pest. There are records of injury to: Euonymus europeus, E. japonica, ~. latifolia, E. radicans, and Celastrus scandens. This scale insect is so very prolific that a Plant once infested is soon so completely encrusted that the attan I ',i,r.nere it is native, there ~~ results in its early death. are reported at least two broods each season, and a probable third on"'. IOn t t In greenhouses, it probably ~ the southern s a es. breeds thruoui the year. there being many broods produced. The writer has found the eggs of this species hatching on the twenty-fourth of April. 1916, on material collected from a greenhouse. At Washington, D. e., the young are reported, as hatching thruout the sUmmar and even as late as frost. Tme females hibernate over winter in various stages of develop-ment. and start egg-laying in May. The stems and petioles of a badly infested plant appear white. due to the numerous scales of the males. The greenish stems will also be hidden by the dirt-colored or brownish-black convex. elongate scales of tme females. Where native. it may bo controlled by two dis-tinct treatments, one during the s~r. and the other during the winter. each having advanta~es and disadvantages. With SU!l1mer treatment. the appl,ication which is the least injuri-OUs to the plant and the most effective, is the use of coal-Oil emulsion sprayed with some force on all parts of the in-tested plant at the time of hatching of the young. between the first of May and the middle of June. Thorough sprayings at intervals of two weeks during the hatching periods taking care to cover both surfaces of all leaves and drenching the . twigs with the spray, should effectively control this pest. Emulsions of oils stronger than fifteen per-cent should not be used, as it m'y seriously injure the plants. During the ~inter seas&n. all outdoor plants are dormant. · and the decid-~ous species of Euonymus should be treated with twenty-five Per-cent coal-oil emulsion. The eYeecreen species and var-1eties can withstand emulsions of twenty per-cent oil during 12 '7 Pygidium of Chionaspis euonymi Comst • .. The known distributi on of Missouri Coccidae.-.·lIhert lIarold II o/lillf!er. Chionaspis euonymi Comstock MfR. PU'THA M 6ENT lULU ... 6AUN . J,t.5PER LAW N[.wTON 8~RR'I' M noN. I the dormant season. Care in all cases should be used to prevent the collection of the epmlsion at the bases of treated plants. For greenhouse plants, ten to fifteen per-cent Coal-Oil emulsion may be used with good results at all sea-sons. The plants, however, should be treated in the open, if Possible, when there are sunshine, brisk wind and a rel-atively low humidity. These favor rapid evaporation of the oil and prevents its penetration into the tissues. The only parasite of this coccid so far re-Corded is Aphelinus fuscipennis Row. The iescription _ of.C .. euonynU follows: ~ale of male: Slightly less than 1 mm. long; elongate; par-allel sided; conspicuously tri-carinste; snow-white; exuvia B1traw-colored; cephelo-terminal, and about one-fifth the ength of the scale. ¥fale of female: Moderately large; about 1.7 mm. to 2 mm. i ong; broadening abruptly just caudad of the exuviae; black-Bh-brown; relatively thick and firm in texture; ~uite con-~ex; exuviae cephalo-terminal and naked; first exuvia small and pale brownish; second exuvia large and darker brown; ex-U~iae about one-third the length of the scale; ventral scale iell developed; attached to the dorsal scale along the anter-Or margins but free along the posterior margins. ~Ult female: Medium size; elongate; orange-yellOW; ttgidium a out medium size; broadly angular at the ~ex; sligh y chi-iinized; three pairs of small but well developed lobes; median 12!1 obes approximate, but diverging both cephalad ahd caudad on their inner margins; entire or serrulate; rather pointed; sec-ond pair of lobes with the inner lobule nearly as large as the ~edian lobes· somewhat pointed; outer lobule about one-half aa large and 'pointed; third pair of lobes with the inner lob-Ule the longer. rounded or pointed· outer lobule rounded or ~otche4. and s~ller; body wall laterad of the lobes with short, road, serrate marginal projections; Sland spines arranged as follows" 1-2 1-2 1-2 1-4 1-4· ordinarw marginal spines a ..... t1 - th B in figure; anal openins moderately large, circular. wi diameter equal to about three times that of a circumgenital Sland pore. located between two-thirds and three-fourths the length of the pygidium from the apex; circumgenital Sland pores in five groups. variable as follows: nmST IGATOB ••••••.••. 1l.1fTZTIIOR •• P .. HT2.::1UOR •• POS~EEa:03 ••••• LJEDIAl'! 1..\ TES,i1.LS LATI<2.ALS COI.:.sTOCK ••••••••••••• 4 to 6 • • b to 8 • • 2 to 7 • ••••• HE?-ttrCK •••••••••••••• ,... { ) to 5 • • 4 to 9 • • 3 to 5 • • • • • • SArITlE-RS •••••••••••••• 4 to 6 • • 5 to 9 • • 4 • ••••• HOLlP'G--' -. , .. :~ .:!.:te ••••••••••• 1 to 4 • • 3 to 9 • • 2 to 7 • ••••• Li!Ilits of Variation •• 1 to ,. 3 to 9 2 to 7 0 • • • • • ••••• ~rsal gland pores very numerous and apparently arranged prG-mLBcuously; marginal gland pores about as shown in figure; micropores and ventral pygidial setae as in figure. Chionaspis furfura (Fitch) (No name) Ilarris (1841) !Spidiotus furfurus Fitch (1856) ? £Sccus harrisii ~alsh (1866) !sPidiotus cerasi Fitch (18b6) !spidiotus har-isii Walsh (1867) :n0 \" -!e.spis he.risii Sign. (1876) Qhionaspis furfurus Lint. (1889) Qhionaspis furfura Cooley (1899) This species was first described but not named by Harris in his "L,sects Injurious to Vegetation", l!'lint edition, page 254. The Insects themselves were not studied by him, only the scaly coverings of both the male and the female. Even at that time he remark:ed on the probabl. forma-tion of the scale the exuviae and the waxy covering. This t f ;) r ) species is strictly of American origin, occurring from :.:aine to l!ebraska thru all the northern states, and south nearly to the Gulph of l":'exico. It was imported into England dur-ing the latter part of the nineteenth century. It£! lmown distribution is as i'ollows: Canada, England, and the United Sta.tes. In this country it has been reported from: California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Laine, l\:aryland, 1,lassachusetts, Michigan, IHnnesota, Mississippi, llissouri, lJebraska, Hew Ha'Ilpshire, lJew Jersey, New York, Eorth Carolina, Ohio, P9nn-sYlvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tenn-essee, Tex2-s, Utah, Virginia, l;'lashington, West Virgini~" and ~rr -;.lSconsin. In !.lissouri it has been collected in those coun-ties sho'Nn on its map of distribution. It occurs generally on certain rosaceous plants sUch as apple, peach, pear, plum, etc., and also on currant and gooseberry among the cultivated garden plants. It, however, Seldom becomes so abundant as to require specific treatments. The following list of plants have been reported as hosts of the scurfy scale: white alder, apple, Chinese flowering apple, crab apple, European mountain ash, Amerivan mountain ash, priCkly ash, white ash, large-toothed aspen, buck-thorn, choke cherry, wild black cherry, wild bird cherry, choke berry, blaCk choke berry, red choke berry, Cornus, cotton, red ~lower-1ng currant, elm, gooseberry, hawthorn, biA-bud hickory, horse chestnut, maple, peach, pear, plum, poplar, quince, Japanese quince, black-cap raspberry, shad-bush, sweet gum, The scurfy scale, Chionaspis furfura (Fitch) about natural size. The scales of the males are apparent, but those of the females are scarsely so. Chionaspis furfura (Fitoh) muoh enlarged showing the scales of the males prominently. 1 a (" (Liquidambar styraciflua) black: walnut and white willow. In ~issouri the writer has collected it from these plants listed on page 3~q. In the more northern states there is but one brood a year, but in this latitude there are probably two full broods, while farther south there is a strong possibility of there being three broods. The young hatched in doors the 10th. of April on t~igs cut ten days earlier. In this lati-tUde the insedts begin activity early in the spring. hatching from over-wintering eggs. They 10c8te themselves anywhere along the bark from the crown of the plant to the tips of the tWigs. They occasionally become so numerous that the entire bark is covered. with the scales. A butternut tree in this Condition VIas observed by the writer, Md altho it had borne these pests fpr years , it did not seem to be much the '.vorse for the attack. This species is apparently not so subject to the attacks of parasites and predacious enemies as is the oyster-shell scale. The following predacious species are reported as feeding on it: Tyroglyphus malus (Shi:ner), Chil-ocorus bivulnerus IIIuls., and Hyperaspidis app. Parks observed the following birds working on this species: catbird, chicka-dee. warbling virio, downey woodpecker, brovm creeper t ruby-Crowned kinglet, golden crowned kinglet, crested nuthatch, whi te-eyed virio, e.nd the rose-breasted grosbeo.lc. Among the t~rmenoptera, the following parasites have been r8ured : Ablerus clisiocf.mpaG (Ashm)., Physcus varicornis nOw., and ?rospaltella spp. The technical description follows: , ,) , ' I . ) , ! Pygidium of Chionaapia furfura (Fitch). The known distribution of Missouri Coccidae.-.-.llbcrt I/aroid ffollil/gl!!'. Chionaspia furfura (Fitch) / / Scale of male : Elongate; parallel-sided; • G Pl.ITl. to 1 mm. long; snmv-rThi te; strongly tricarina te; e:..~via. dec idcdly reddish- or :'tellc~'!ish-bro\Vn; but in old s:geCi l~lens, 2o;nAtimes al~08t co1 0r18s8; cO::1prising about one-fourth to one-third the length of th.e sCBle • .§.cale of fOr.1ale: :.Ioder ~3. te size, abont 2 Elm. to :3 mm. lO:lg, and 1. 5 mm. to 2 m'n. broaCl; "-T~ry ir140eul[..r in shere, but gCYlGrclly decidedly bro aden~d just 'poDterior to the o}..->J.vi:::.e; SO!!1o times qllite recurved; bro ade s t about one-half or two-thirde tr.s l? >!Sth of t b:, 80 8,10 fro '! ti~e c :.lt, e 2.~i c: !' end; rel~tively flnt or sljghtly convex; thin but fir~ in texture; Scale 'Dure \,fhi te, but often Obscul~e;~ ~ue to (n~trQ~eOU8 e.dhe~; ive materials; exuviae reddish-bro':m to 1it;!lter brm·,rn; re1 [:. -tively long; the fj.rcot on f3 :nA,£ed t small end often at a decic1.ed ttngle to the second e}"'Uvia which is covere d; exuviae cO f"prisiJtlg from one-fifth to one-third the lengt:r~ of the scale; ventr3. l scale thin but apparent. !.d.ul t female: I\ioderately large; elong:[..tG-oval; redd ish-purple; :Qyi( idiu:?l yellowish, and I!loderately cl:itinized; rather large and broad; sOr.1ew:r~at tri::',l1;::;ule,r in outline, ~'!i th the leteral margins slightly convex; medi~'..Yl lo1)1~s large, entire t and prom-inent, projecting, and e.pproximate at bases with tha irmer margins parallel for ebout one-half their length and then di-Verting rather abruptly caudad; well rounded apices; second pair of lobes each with the inner lobule the lonser, rather broad, rounded and converging; approximate at the outer 'bpses Of the median lobes; outer lobule well developed, broad, and rounded; third pair of lobes small but apparent, vii th inner lobule serrate, notched, or entire; with the outer lobule merely a slight prOjection from the body wall; a broad obovate ~raphysis between the bases of the median lobes; gland spines mOderately developed and grouped as follows: I, I, 1, 1-2, 3-9; ordinary marginal spines located as in figure; aKal 0teninr-CirCular· rather small, with diameter eaual to aboutwo or t~o and ~ne-half times that of a circu~genital gland pore; lOcated about three-fifths the length of the pygidium from the apex; circumgoni tal gland pores in five groups, v~riab1e as fOllows: IlNEST IGATOR .•••••••• AUTERIOR •• Al~TE...'1 lOR •• POSTERIOB ••••• _ MEDIAII LJ..T3RALS. LATERA.LS CO~TOCK ••••••••••••• 8 to 13 •• 20 to 30 •• 18 to 31 •••••• -COOLEy ••••••••••••••• 7 to 16 •• 22 to 32 •• 16 to 22 •••••• -SAlffiERS •••••••••••••• 7 to 16 •• 22 to 32 •• 16 to 22 •••••• -E~~ICK •••••••••••••• 8 to 12 •• 20 to 30 •• 15 to 27 •••••• D. & III. ••••••••••••• 8 t 0 12 •• 22 to 23. .16 t 0 28.... •• H01LIl~GER •••••••••••• 4 to 16 •• 8 to 34 •• 8 to 33 •••••• Li~its of Variation •• 4 to 16 •• 8 to 34 •• 8 to 33 •••••• dorsal gland pores generally with only the third and fourth rows peese~t. but rarely with the anterior row present in the second row; variable as follows: InVESTIG.A.TOR •••••••• Al'JTERIOR ••••••••••••••••• POSTERIOR ••••• 1st. 2d. 3d. 4th. 1st. 2d. 3d. 4th. COOLEY •••••••• 0 •••• 0 ••• 2-3 ••• 2-3 •••• 0 •••• 0 •••• 3-E ••• 2-4 •••• SAIIDE3S ••••••• 0 •••• 0 ••• 2-4 •••• ? ••• 0 •••• 0 •••• 3-5 •••• ? ••••• D. & M ••••••• 0 •••• 0 •••• 2 ••••• 3 ••••• 0 •••• 0 ••••• 2 ••••• 4 ••••• 1-4 HOLLINGZ3 ••••• 0 ••• 0-2 •• lx-x - 1-4 1-6 • • • • ••• 0 •••• 0 •••• 1-3 ••• 1-6 •••• lx-x 1-6 Limits of •• 0 ••• 0-2.. ••• • ••• 0 •••• Oa ••• 1-5 ••• l-6 •••• _Variation lx-x 1x-x -~esides the usual t~~e of oval gland pores occurred an antep-lor group of small, circular pores in the third and fourth ~OWS of t'!lO series of slides; these circular pores are simi-lar to those so characteristic ofC. salicis ni~ae (Walsh); marginal gland pores variable as follows: 1-2-2- • 1-2-2-2, and 1-2-2-3; micropores and ventral pygidial setne as in the figure. Chionaspis gleditsiae Sanders This coccid is one of the more recently de-scribed species. having been discovered and named in 1902 by Sanders. Its specific name comes from the generic name Of the honey locust. It has been reported from the following 10-oali ties: District of Columbia. Indiana. LIaryland. l~ississippi t ,. " . ) i , Ohio, Pennsylvania. Texas, Virginia and West Virginia. It seems to be quite generally distributed east of the l~ssissippi River. and it undoubtedly occurs in many other localities thruout the countr.J. Gleditsia triacanthos or the honey locust is the only known host plent of this species. In missouri it has been found abundantly on the trunk. branches. and spines of this tree. and in one instance an isolated mature female was found on a large seed-~od. The aistribution map for this species shows the present known distribution in this state. Its economic importance is not very great. No tree has ever been observed to suffer much even from severe infestations. As the honey locust is not one of the common lawn or shade trees, there is slight danger of its ever becoming more than of passing importance. This is the only species of Chionas-~of which the writer knows, that hibernates sOle~as the fully mature insect. Parasitic insects sometimes attack it in Hissouri, but they have not been identified. nor is there any record of Hymenoptera having been reared from it. The technical description follows: Scale of male: .6 rnm. to .7 ~. long and .2 mm. wide; er~vDa :]8 mm. long and .18 mm. wide; exuvia yellowish-brown to fawn-colored; parallel-sided; moderately thick; slightly ele-~ated; generally faintly tri-carinate; white; often with ex-traneous adhesions; ventral scale thic~. ~ale of female: 1.4 mm. to 2 mm. long; width variable, de-pending on the location. from .7 mm. to 1.4 rom.; generally broadened abruptly just posterior to the exuviae; generally cU.rved in shape; moderately thick; firm; sliehtly convex; . Whitish but often covered with extraneous adhesive material, t f " . } , Pygidium of Chionaspis gleditsiae Sanders The known distribution of Missouri Coccidae.-Afbert Harold Hollillger. Chionaspis gleditsiae Sanders I a rather inconspicuous scale; exuviae light brown to dark reddish-bro'.'m; first exuvia naked;.3 mm. long and .2 mm.wide; second exuvia covered with secretion; .6 mm. long and .37 rom.; ventral scale very thin and whitish; located all along the trunk, branches, thorns, twigs and leaflets of its host. Adult female: Koderate size; elongate-ovate; distinctly carm.ine-colored v/hen living; p;ygidiu;n yello\,! and slightly chitinized; rather small; broadly triangular, with approxi-mately str4ie;ht margins and a somev',hat pOinted apex; medi~n lObes rather long, prominent, serrate, projecting; inner mar-gins slightly diverging caudad for about one-half their length a....Yld then diversing abruptly to more or less n::1.rrowly rounded apices; second pair of lobes serrate e.nd \'Jell sepa-rated from the bsses of the median lobes, with each inner lobule rather long. broad, and ~),~rarently converging; with euch on.ter lobule smaller and triangular iTl sh&pe; the third pair of lobes more or less radiment ary, serrat~ , but distinct-ly cleft into two lobules; marginal glald pore prominences relatively well develooed; body wall naite consDicuo~~lv n0tr.1~ c>d where e fourth"' ~air of 10'08s i10uld occur; a short. relatively bro ed, spear-shaped para-ohlBis extending cephalad from between the bases of the median lobes; fland s~ille8 of mOderate size and located as fOllows:l, 1, 1, I, 2-~; ordi-nary marg-inal s-oines as in figure; anal 02ening Circular, rather small; die..~ t1eter equal to about t1;7ice that of a cir-CUmgenital gland pore; approximately centrally located in the Pygidium; circuJ::'lgeni tal gland pores in five groups, as fol-10\".[s: INVEST IGATOR ••••••••• AHTEBIOR •• ANTERIO:2 •• POSTERIOR ••••••• _ j,:::Iill IAN LATECZALS L'~TE:fALS 4 to 10 •• 15 to 21 •• 8 to 14 •••••• -h~~1ICK ••••..••••••.• 8 to 11 •• 13 to 20 •• 11 to 17 ••••••• -D. & l,~ ~. . ........... . 9 •• 14 to 19 •• 0 to 14 ••••••• ROLLINGER •••••••••••• 5 to 16 •• 8 to 22 •• 4 to 14 ••••••• -------------------------------------------------------------.Limits of Variation. 4 to 16 •• 8 to 22 •• 4 to 17 ••••••• --------------------------------------------------------------'-------------------------------------------------------------dorsal gland pores relatively few; always with the third and fOurth rows present and rarely with the second row represent-ed by the anterior group; variable as follo~vs: i :~ .1 n:V:SCT IGATOR •••••••• AI;TERIOR ••••••••••••••••• POSTERIOR ••••• Ist.2d. 3d. 4th. 1st. 2d. 3d. 4th. sAlrnERS •••••••• O •••• O ••• 3~5 ••• 2-4 •••• 0 •••• 0 •••• 3-6 •••• 5-7 .• D. & M •••••••• 0 •••• 0 ••• 2-5 •••• ? •••• 0 •••• 0 ••••• 4 ••••• 7-9 •• 0-4 HOLLINGE3 •••••• 0 ••• 0-2 •• Ix 0-5 Limits of •••• O ••• 0-2 •• _Variation Ix • • • • • • 0-6 • ••• 0 •••• 0 •••• 1-4 •••• 2-6 •• x 0-4 • ••• 0 •••• 0 •••• 1-6 ••.• 2-9 •• x the anterior group of the fourth roy{ was genorally, and that of the third row but rarely lacking; in addition to the usual oval type of dorsal gland pore, there occurred an occasional ~roup of small, circular pores similar to those so character-lstic of C. salicis-nigrae (Walsh) accompanying the anterior groups of the third and fourth rO'.r{s; the marginal gland pores groupea as follows: 1-2-2-1, 1-2-2-2; micropores and ventral Pygidial setae as in figure. Chionaspis longiloba Cooley This scale insect was first describea by Cooley in 1899 from specimens in the collection of the Unitea States Department of Agriculture. Its original host was cottonwood. It was given its specific nElllle because of the long median lobes. It has since been described from Ohio also on Cottonwood. Herrick founa it on willow in Texas. It is in-digenous to this country, ana its limited distribution makes it a rather uncommon scale insect. In Missouri the vrriter has found it in Kansas City on willow. No parasites of this scale have ever been ~eported, so far as the writer is able to le~rn. Its technical description follows: Pygidium of Chionaspis l~ngiloba Cooley ( Note the bi-lobed median lobe on the left). The known distrihution of Missouri Coccidae.-.lfberl /larold fl ollil/ger. Chionaspis longiloba Cooley Scale of male: Small, about .7 mm. long; elongate-oval; relatively flat; non-carinated; snow-white; exuvia light bro\vn and about one-fourth the length of the scale • .§.cale of female: Medium size; about two mm. long; broadest about the middle; quite convex; ra~her firm and thick in tex-ture; snow-white normally, but often darkened by extraneous adhesions; exuvia about .7 mm. long, a.'I1.d brownish; ventral s(~ale thin, white, and apparent; resembles C. salicis-nigrae \. elsh) very ID"'J.ch. !dul t :teme.le: I,redium size; elongate; reddish-purple with a yellow pygidium; pygidium rather broad with well rounded margins but more or less angular at the apex; oedian lobes relatively long, serrate, prominent, projecting; well sepa-rated and normally with a narrowly rounded apex, but broad at the base; inner margins forming a slight notch at the base, then diverging caudad; normally uni-Iobular, but in one specimen occurred a distinct cleft forming two distinct lObules (see figure); second pair of lobes of two serrate lobUles, the inner one the larger, prominent, with the inner margin nearly straight with a rather rounded apex; each outer lobule broad and more or less triangular in shape; not ap-Proximate at the bases of the mediun lobes; third pair of lobes fairly well developed; well separated fro~ the second pair, e.nd consisting of two distinct,serrate lobules; the inner one broaded at the base than the outer one; body margin somewhat serrate at the approximate position of a fourth ,air of lobes; a more or less heart-shaped paraphysis extending from between the bases of the median lobes; gJand epin~s arranged as follows: 1, 1-2, 1-2, 1-2, 2-5; ordinary marginal ~ines as in figure; anal opening medium size; circular; diameter equal to about three times that of a circumgenital gland pore; located somewhat nearer the base of the pygidium than the apex; circumgeni tal .,gland ~_e~ arranged as follows: 11NESTIGATOR ••••••••• ANTERIOR •• ANTERIOR •• POSTERIOR ••••• _ MEDIAN Ll~TEP..ALS LATERA:'S COOLEy ••••••••••••••• lO to 16 •• 20 to 24 •• 10 to 17 •••••• -SANDERS •••••••••••••• IO to 21 •• 20 to 35 •• 10 to 24 •••••• -!I:ERRICK •••••••••••••• 8 •• 13 to 17 •• 9 to 12 •••••• -I:IOLLIHGEE •••••••••••• IO to 15 •• 14 to 29 •• 10 to 20 •••••• --Limits of Variation •• 8 to 21 •• 13 to 35 •• 9 to 24 •••••• -----dorsal gland pores arranged in three rows. variable as follows: INVESTIGATOR •••••••• ANTERIOR ••••••••••••••••• POSTERIOR •••••• 1st. 2d. 3d. 4th. 1st. 2d. 3d. 4th. C-OOLEY ••••••••• 0 ••• 4-5 ••• 5-7 ••• 5-6 •••• 0 •••• 0 •••• 4-5 ••• 5-7 ••• SANDERS •••••••• 0 ••• 3-5 ••• 5-7 ••• 5-6 •••• 0 •••• 0 •••• 4-5 ••• 5-7 ••• HOLLINGER •••••• 0 ••• 1-6 ••• 4-7 ••• 4-8 •••• 0 •••• 0 •••• 4-8 ••• 5-10 •• • Limits of ••• 0 ••• 1-6 ••• 4-7 ••• 4-8 •••• 0 •••• 0 •••• 4-8 ••• 5-l0 •• --,Variation -marginal gland pores arranged as follows: 1-2-2-2. and 1-3-2-2; micropores and ventral pygidia.l setae as in figure. Chionaspis ortholobis Comstock Comstock first described this coccid in 1881. Ris t~2e material CaT.9 from California and was on willow. The insect derives its specific name from two treek worde: ~thos and lobis. meaning straight lobes. referring to the median lobes which are almost contiguous and whose mesal ~argins are parallel for one-half their length. The cow~on name of the cottonwood scale is given it because it is prob-ably more often found on Populus deltoides than on any of its other host plants. It has been reported only from thie country. and has been found in Southern California, Ind1ana, Iowa, ie.nsae. l1assachusetts. Nebraska. New 1Iexico t and Ohio. In this state it has been located in those counties akown on 1ts map of distribut1on. Its recorded food plants are: butternut, cot-\ '-, / PYlId1um of CHIONASPIS OBTBOLOBlS Oomst. Pygidium of Chionaspis ortholobie Comet. (after R. E. Snodgrass-119) The known distributi on of Missouri Coccidae.-Albert Harold Hollinger. Chionaspis ortholobis Comst. r 14 Chionaspis ortholobis Comstock Pygidium of adult female Chionasp1s ortholobis Comstock on Willow, Salix spp., from California. From type material. Thru the United States Burea~ of Entomology, by courtesy of E. R. Sasscer. (Photo-micrograph, greatly enlarged). tonwood, honey locust, poplar, sycamore. ana willow. Ho records of parasites or preducious enemies of this species are kno\m, altho undoubtedly it has its ene~ies. The teclulical description is as follows: ~~!1~ of male: Elongated oval in outline, being slightly broadest at the miadle, ana tapering towards both ends almost equally; eX".l.vl~ is light yellow; scale snow-white. Q£ale of female: Very closely resembles that of C. salicis-nigrae (NaIsh); it is. however, smaller and narrower; about 2 rom. to 2.5 mm. long. !.d.ll.lt female: Dark-purple; meaian lobes close, parallel along the basal half of their inner margins, then diverging to u narrowly rOQ..'I'1ded point; inner lobules of second and. t.hira lobes rounaed, obliqup., a11a larger tha.n the outer lobules; gland spines arrangea as follows: 1, 1-2, 1-2, 2, 4-5; the orainary marginal sri~~s are arranged as in closely related 8pe c i es ; second rm7 of dorsal gland pores represe :ntcd by tne a.nterior group of four to seven; third row ",ith seven to 11ine in the anterior e.nd five to eight in the posterior; fOll.rth row with nine to eleven in the anterior an(1 five to nine in the posterior; circurrwenital gland pores arranget as follows: meaian group of from ten to t'Nenty-five; ~nterlor lcterals of from eighteen to thirty-five; posterior laterals of fro:l sixteen to twenty-four. &marks: This is adapted from the descril)tions of Comstock r s tyPe material and also fro!TI Sa.'1ders r description of this spe-Cies. It has not been collectea by the writer in Missouri, but it has been reported from here. Chionaspis parkii species novo ~ale of male: About.7 mm. lone and .2 mm. wide; elongate; Parallel siaed; moderately thin; slightly elevated and high-eat at the caudal end of the exnvia" snow-white; faintly Uni-carinate to non-carinate, gener~llY the latter; exuvia transparent or pale yellowish; about .28 mID. long and .2 ~. Wide; ventral scale thick and white. ~ale of female: About 2 mm. long and from 1.5 mm. to 1 ~~. Wide; distinctly pyriform or broadened posteriorly; thin to ~Oderately thick; tough; flat to slightly convex; whitish With often a yellowish or a bro~~ish cast due to the adhe-Sion of extraneous materials; exuviae dark brownish in scales o~er living insects but pale yellowish-brown or entirely bleached in weather~d scales; first exuKia .4 mm. long and Pygidium of Chionaspis parkii sp. novo. The known distribution of Missouri Coccidae.-Albert Harold Hollillger. Chionaspi~ parkii sp. novo. I , .3 !l1I:).. \vide; second exuvia .6 nun. long and .35 ~. wide; the first exuvia overl~ps the second o~c about one-fourth its length; ventral scale thin and white. Adult female: l loderately large; rather ovate; yellowish-bro'wn to orange-brown Ylhen immature, but purlllish at maturity due to the color of theo~rules; PYvi(limTI heavily chi tir..ized; somewhat ovoid with rounded latera~ margins; a~ex rather POinted due to the large, well developed median lobes; r.ledhm lobes prominent, projecting, decidedly serrate or notched four or five tDmes; distinctly pointed; with their bases fused for about one-half the length of the lobes; inner ~argins 'forming an angle of about sixty to seventy-five degreec; second pair of lobes rather small; inner lobule distinctly notched once or twice on the lateral !I!S3.rC;in, and more or less rounded or pointed; euter lobule pOinted; apparemtly well separated fro~ the inner lobule, and notched or serrate; third pair of lobes slightly smaller than the s9cond pair; lObules broad and notched; each pair of lobes moderately separated from the other; gland spines relatively small and arranged as follows: 1, 1-2, 1-2, 1-2, 3-6; ordinary marginal spines as in figure; anal opening circular; diameter equal to about t\'lO and one-half times that of 8. cifcur.lgenital gland pore; located but slightly cephalad of the center; circu~gen!:tal gland pores arranged as follows, but of ton with the groups broken up into two arches as occurS in the genus 1) 1 ~ iaspig; variable as follows: InVEST IGA~OR ••••••••• AlJTERIOR •• ANTERIO~ •• POSTERIOR ••••• _ LiED IAN LATE?-A.LS LATERll.1S BOLLINGER •••••••••••• 4 to 21 •• 9 to 38 •• ' 9 to 35 •••••• --~rsal e1end pores arranged in two or three rows, variable as ollows: INV:!?~TIG~' T10"D A ~.Tml~"DIO"P Posr;n"DIOR ..... t.J .:l. ... " ••••••• • AJ.._~ ... r.. _.... • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ~~.. • ••••• -HOLLING~R •••.•• O ••• O_3 ••• 1_7 ••• 2_9 •••• 0 •••• 0 •••• 2-6 ••• 2-8 ••• --~e margina~ glcnd por~s are arranged in group~, varia~le as Ollows: 1-(;;-2-1, 1-2-.:..-2, 1-2-1-2, 1-2-2-3; ml.croporeo and ~entral pygidial setae as in figure. ~: Reddish-purple; 24b mrm!l. long and 160 rnrnm. in diameter; from twenty to forty eggs deposited; they occasionally give the scale a darkish a"Ouearnnce as vieVled externally, due to the dark purplish colo~ showing thru the scale. ~n€U.. Flattish; purplish-red; broadly rounded on both ends; In the le.boratory hatching the sixth of February from sce-les collected on the tw~nty-seventh of January, 1917; also hatch-ing outdoors the fifteenth of September, 1917. Remarks: This species occurs locally very abundant upon Platanus occidentalis, the co~mon sycamore, and rather limi-ted upon Populus de1toides, cottonwood. It infests the trunk and large limbs of the sycamore, but is found scatteringly over the smaller limbs and tv'lie;s of cottonwood. Chionaspis pinifol~ (Fitch) !spidiotus pinifoliae Fitch (1855) MYtilaspis pinifoliae LeEaron (1871) gytilappis pinifolii LeBaron (1872) Qbionaspis pinifoliae Comst. (1881) Qbionaspis pinif~lii Riley (1882) This coccid, like C. fUrfura (Fitch), was also named and described by Fitch in 1856. It is an indigen-ous species, having been found only in the United states and Canada. It has been recorded from various parts of the Uni ted States, showing a some\'lhat wide and general dictribu-tion, California, Colorado, District of Columbia, Florida, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Maine, liassachusetts, lIichigan, Hew Jersey, New l.1exico, Ohio. The hosts of this coccid are only conifers of laveral genera and species: Abies alba, A. excelsa, A. nigra, ~lnus austriaca, P. cembra, P. exce1sa, P. laracis, P. mitis, ~. pallasiana, P. pumilo, r. Ii~rren!licat P. resinosa, P. rad-iata, P. scropulor~~, P. strobus, P. sylv9stris, P. torreyana, l?", I' f nl" ca In llissouri QeUdotsuga tazifo1ia, and Torreya ca 1 or • f -J \ Chionaspis pinifo~iae (Fitch) on a stem of Pinus spp., somewhat reduced. The pine needle Chionaspis, C. pinifoliae (Fitoh) much eilarged, showing young, and the scales of mature males and females. 14,1 it has been found tn those hosts listed on page~~~. The dis-tribution man shows the known infested areas. 4; It sometimes causes damage enough to warrant the use of control measures, but as a general rule, it exists in comparitively harmless numbers •• The fact that this insect is more than one brooded, tends to make it a more injurious pest than certain others of our coccids whicn are single brooded. Trees badly infested have a distinct whitish ap-pearance at a short distance from them, as if they were cov-.ered with snow. Cooley uses tho term "white malady" for this Condition. Its effect is to we&~en the tree considerably, and some cases to kill many of the branches, if not the whole tree. In the northern United States it is two-brood-ed, and passes the ""linter in the egg stage, as do moat of the other Chionaspids. The male scale requires about ten days for the development of its scale, while the female requires about twenty days. The male insect develops at just about the time the · female insect is accomplishing her second moult, and copulation takes place. In the latitude of Missouri there ia at least a partial third brOOd, if not a complete one, but the broods are so difficult to distinguish,on account of the tlme of the hatching of the eggs extending over such a long Period, that it . is difficult to say for certain the exact number of broods. Scales in all stages of development can be fOUnd at all times during the summer. The v~iter has observed the young to be abundant on white pine on the twelfth of ~e. ana some were still crawling on the twentieth of July, 1916. Pygidium of Chlonaspls plnifoliae (Fitch) The known distribution of Missouri Coccidae.-Albert Harold H ollillger. Chionaspis pinifoliae (Fitch) I 15 It is subject to the at t acks of certain natural enemies. Howard has reared Perissopterus pulchellus and '0., t ..... l_ey ogether '!Ii th E:o·.'1ard resred Apheliml.s mytilHspidis Le B. Rust named and described a new parasite, A. capitis, fro!!l it. It has also been rel~ eat8dly noted. that Chl10corous :bivulnarus feeds upon the pine needle scale. Riley ~lso records Cyco-.£.ephalus nigritulns. SC~TT.nUS spp, Coccinella picta and Chry-SOpa spP., as feeding on it. Parks observed the chickadee apparently working on it. The technical description follows: ,§,cale of LIale: Rather long; about .9 mm. to 1. 2 mm.; narro\~, parallel-sided or slightly broadened caudad; tricar1na.t~; lure white, with its yellowish exuvia about one-third the ength of the scale; ~ale of feI!lale ~ : Very long and generally relatively narrovl, ut it is sometImes pyriform; its breadth depending on the shape of the needles; 3 to 3.5 mm. or 4mm. long, and normally about 1 mm. wide; moderately thick, and very firm in texture; rather strongly convex; snow-white, but often partly covered With adhesive extraneous metter; exuviae pale yellow to orange-Yello\7 and comprises from one-fourth to one-third the length Of the scale; ventral scale thia and white. !QUIt female: Quite elongate, narrow, purplish-red with a yellowish Pllgidium; pygidium moderately large; more or less ~ircular in outline; median lobes prominent, entire, diverg-ng, prOjecting, with their inner margins retracted into the ~Ygidium forming a well develoued crotch whose w~dth equals about on~-third that of a median lobe· second p~ir of lobes Well developed, each with two well-ro~ded, entire lobules, the inner one the larger; well separated from both the median and third pairs of lobes; third pair of lobes well developed. ~early as large as the second pal~, and similar; body margin aterad of the lobes irre~llarly notched or dentate; a U7 Shaped paraphysis surrounding the crotch between the med.~an lObes; glanet spine.§, located as follows: I, I, 1, 1-2, 1-4; 2!:9.inary marginal spines located as in figure; anal opez:ing about centrally located in the pygidium; circular, and w~th diameter equal to about two times that of a cir~ume;enital ~land pore; circumgenital gland p~ located ln five groups, ariable as follows: llNEST IGATO~ ••••••••• AI!2.'E2IOR •• !J~T:&"UOR •• POS T:2:?IO:R ••••• l.lEDIl.JJ L:"T:2:P~~LS LlI.T'::':~:ALS COI.:STOC~ ••••••••••••• 7 to 10 •• 12 to 20 •• 14 to 18 •••••• COOLEy ••••••••••••••. 7 to 1~ •• 12 to 21 •• 14 to 19 •••••• -Sa~IDR?O ••••••••••.••• 7 to 13 12 to ~O 14 to 18 .. -~ . . ... .. . ..... D. & H ...... • • • • • • • • • • • •• 7 to 8 •• 14 to 18 •• 14 to 18 •••••• HOLLINGER •••••••••••• 5 to 11 •• 13 to 24 •• 12 to 22 •••••• -Limits of Variation •• 5 to 13 •• 12 to 24 •• 12 to 22 •••••• -~orsal gland pores moderately numerous, always in three rows, Variable as follows: IlrT;,'~ T I(' l~ mion A 1\Trn~ PIOR DO'-' ITl ;,'DIOD jV~..., ...Ii ..:.\ •••••••• .I:U'i~...., ....................... ~ CI.L. .... .;.\ .;. ....... . -COOLSY ••••••••• 0 ••• 2-4 ••• 4-5 ••• 3-7 •••• 0 •••• 0 •••• 4-6 ••• 6-10 •• -S f nD'''R~ 0 2 4 '-' I::: 3 7 0 0 4 6 5 8 ... ~, ~ .... _........ ••• - ••• ~- u • •• - •••• •••• •••• - ••• - ••• -D. & M •••••••• 0 .•• 3-4 ••• 6-7 ••• 4-7 •••• 0 ••.• 0 •••• 4-7 ••• 7-8 ••• -BOLLINGER •••••• 0 ••• 2-4 ••• 4-7 ••• 6-9 •••• 0 ••• 0-1 ••• 3-6 ••• 6-8 ••• --~imits of •••••• O ••• 2-4 ••• 3-7 ••• 3-9 •••• 0 ••• 0-1 ••• 3-7 ••• 5-10 •• ~ria.tion ---those gland pores in the anterior groups of the fourth row are s!:la11 and circular in outline, resembling those that oc-cUr so characteristically in c. s alicis-nigr ae ( ~alsh); the !l1arginal gland. pores variable t as fo110\vs: 1- 2- 2- 2, 1-2-2-1, and. rarely m-2- 2-2· rnicropores and. ventre1 pygidial setae as in figure. t I ~ .. . . ) . Chionaspis .Eaatani Cooley This species was first found in Riley County. Kansas, by Parrott, where he collected it upon sycamore. It was submitted to Cooley, who described it as new in 1899. It is reported from Japan on the host plant Rhus sp,. This is the only country outside of the United States from which it has been reported. In this country it has been found only in Kansas. The writer has found it to be locally distributed in Missouri, but undoubtedly it occurs in several sections of the state. It has been observed in Boone County in and around Columbia, and also in Saint Louis on Platanus occidentalis. The infestations occur in several sections of these cities and the surrounding country, but many large sycamores s '?- e ":': to h.f.V 8 O [l c ~:p e (1. Tn .;:> ~~r:lales have been collected from the trun]c, branche s, tVligs J and occa-Sionally from the leaf-petioles and the leaves themselves. The males commonly occur upon the leaves and twigs. J,:uch of the material collected has been found to have been parasiti~ed by small Hymenaptera, but the writer he.s not reared any paras i tea. There is not much danger that this insect will e~er become a severe sycamore pest, for it does not se em to Spread very rapidly, and its paraSites also check its excess-i~e multiplication. The technical description of this species fallows: 1.5cl Pyg1dium of Chionaspis platani Cooley. The known distribution of Missouri Coccidae.-Albert Harold Hollillger. Chionaspis platani Cooley ORTH HARRIS. MER. PUTN,4 &4 BATES BA~TON ""DE JASPER L'W NEWTON 8ARRY Hi noN. r 15.) Scale of male: MO'derate size; oval to oblong; parallel-sided; about 1 rom. long; non-carinated; eX'u.via pale brmm, and about one-half the length of the scale. ,. &ca1e of female: Medium to small; 1.8 mm. to 2.2 rom. long; pyriform in shape, being moderately broadened posteriorly from the exuviae; only slightly congex; rather thin but firm in texture; normally snow-white, but often with extraneous adhesive matter; exuvia large; first one naked and light brown; second one covered, and dark reddish-brown; both com-prising about two-fifths the length of the scale; ventral scale thin, white, and very delicate. ~dUlt female: Medium size; ovate; reddish-purple, with a yellowish pygidium; pygidium relatively broad and triangular in outline, with a truncate apex, due to the widely diverging median lobes; median lobes very large, prominent, serrate, and with well-rounded apices; inner margins retracted into the pygidium, forming a distinct median notch; apparently fUsed at their bases; diverging abruptly a short distance caUdad of the point of fUsion; second pair of lobes very well ~eveloped, serrat~, and with the inner lobule extending near-1 to the apices of the median lobes, very large, broad, rounded; outer lobule smaller and more pointed; third pair Of lobes serrate and with the inner lobule well developed, ~d broadly rounded or obscurely pOinted; all lobes moderate-~ close to each other; body margins laterad of the lobes somewhat dentate in the region of the marginal gland pores; !l8nd-sI ines arranged as follows: 1, 1, 1, 1, 2-4; ordinary ~r~ina spines located as in figure; anal openin~ circular o roadly ovoid- diameters equal to two or two an one-half t1mes that of a ~ircumgenital gland pore; located about three-fifths the length of the pygidium from the apices of the med-1an l~bes; circumgenita1 sland pores arranged as follows: InvESTIGATOR ••••••••• AUTERIOR •• AUTERIOR •• POSTERIOR •••• • ........ MEDIAN LATERALS LATERALS COOLEY ••••••••••••••• 6 to 13 •• 10 to 17 •• 10 to 16 •••••• --ROLLINGER •••••••••••• 8 to 16 •• 10 to 20 •• 8 to 16 •••••• -....: Limits of Variation •• 6 to 16 •• 10 to 20 •• 8 to 16 •••••• ----~ oOcasionally a small group of circumgenital gland pores -111 occur cephalad of the mediad group in a position 8imilar to that of the supra-mesal group of pores in the :enus Poliaspis; dorsal sland pores always in tbWee rows rranged as follows: INVEST IGATOR .......... ANTERIOR •••••••••••• ' ••••• POSTERIOR •••• ~ COOLEy ••••••••• 0 ••• 2-3~ •• 4-6 ••• 4-6 •••• 0 •••• 0 •••• 2-4 ••• 4-6 •• HOLLINGER •••••• O •• ,~ 1-4 ••• 4-6 ••• 4-6 •••• 0 •••• 0 •••• 2-4 ••• 3-6 •• -Limits of •••••• 0 ••• 1-4 ••• 4-6 ••• 4-6 •••• 0 •••• 0 •••• 2-4 ••• 3-6 •• !ariation . -Marginal gland pores arranged as follows: 1-2-2-1, 1-2-2-2, 1-2-2-3; micropores and ventral pygidial setae as in figure. Chionaspis salicls-nigrae (Walsh) !epidiotus salicis-nigrae Walsh (1868) . ~~ilaspis salicis LeBaron (1871) ~ ~aspis salicicOttis Bessey ' (1874) ~hionappis salicis Comstock (1881) Qbionaspis salicis-nigrae Cooley (1899) r This speoies was first desIBribed by Walsh in 1867 in the "First Report of the Noxious Insects of Illinois". It is very generally distributed over this coun-try, Qnd ' is undoubtelly a native insect. It has been report-ed from: Arizona, California, Colorado, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Louisiana, Maine, Massachu~etts, Michigan, ~nnesota, MiS~issippi, Nebraska. New Mexioo, New York. Ohio. ~exas. Washington. and Wisconsin. It is also found in Canada. The following list of plants contains those hosts reported by various authors: Amelanchie8 cana-denSiS, ash, big-leaf maple, Ceanothus spp., Cornus asperi~ fOlia. C. pubesoene, C. eer1cea, C. stolon1fer&. Balm of Gilead dear-bush Liriodendron tu11perifera. Russian poplar, k" , "I , .... ChiODaspis salicis-nigrae (Walsh), the scurfy willow scale, greatly enlarged and showing parasitism. Populus spp •• P. tremuloides, Salix alba, S. alba camellia, and S. nigra. The writer has taken it on various species of Salix. It is often very abundant', and sometimes en-tirely covers the bark of its host plant. Trees, or at least branches of trees, are often so devitalized that they die during the winter, and even in the growing season it is not at all unusual to see willows that are severely infested turn rellow and die under the severity of the infestation and the Scorching summer sun. It is quite generally distributed over the state, as reference to the map of distribution will show. This species passes the winter in the egg stage, the adult females ovipositing about the middle of September. In 1915 they were observed by Parks to be oVipos-1ting on the twentieth of September at A1b&n7, Mo. He also records young at Columbia on June nineteenth, and winged ~ales on the first of July. There are at least two genera-tions a year, and possibly a third brood. It is parasitized by certain Hymenoptera, but no records of identification are a~ailable. In addition it is preyed upon by Chilogorus bivulnerus. Parks reoords the following birds as preying upon it: ohickadee and white-breasted nuthatch at Albany, Missouri, the twenty-fifth of 4.Ugust, 1915, and the white-eyed virio and the white-breasted nUthatch at Columbia during the summer of 1916. The technioal dAscriptionfo1lows: ~le of male: lli.edium size; about 1 mm. to 1.3 r:un. long; l>arallel-sided; oblong, with rounded caudal extremity; ob-, , t: . t 5 ~f Pygidium of Chionaspis salicis-ni6rae (Walsh) The known distrihuti on of Missouri Coccidae.-Albert Harold Holliuger. Chionaspis. salicis-nigrae (Walsh) I SAR,TON DADE JASPER. ,"'" NEwTON aARRY M nQN. 1 hI' Scurely tri-carinate; exuvia comprising nearly two-fifths the length ot the scale; ~cale of female: About 3 ~m. long. 1.5 mm. wide. and .8 rnm. 1n altitude; pointed at anterior end nnd broadly rounded at cauds.l end; moderately thick and tough; very convex; snow-white; first exuvia naked. yellowish-brovm. plainly showing segmentation. and more or less medially ridged; second layer covered with a. thin layer of white wax::! secre-tion, brown and broadly rounded posteriorly; ventral scale mOderately thick at the anterior end. but thinner at the posterior end; snow-white. !dUlt female: Rather large; elongate; purplish-red; pygidium yellowish; rather large and broadly oval. with well-rounded lateral margins; moderately chitinized; median lobes well developed. projecting. entire. prominent; with their anterior margins approximate at their base. but diverging caudad to form well-rounded lobes; second and third pairs of lobes well developed. the inner ;.Lobules the': larger. but all more Or less broadly rounded; body margin laterad of the lobes more or less serrate or dentate in the approximate positionsol foutth and fifth lobes; gland-spines rather sm~ll and arranged as fOllows: 1, 1-3. 1-3. 1-3. 1-11; . ordinary marginal spines located as in figure; anal opening rather large; circular; diameter equal to about three times that of a circumgenital gland pore; located about two-thirds the length of the pyg1d-1um from the apices of the median lobes; groups of circum-~enital sland pores variable as follows: !NVESTIGATOR ••••••••• ANTERIOR •• ANTERIOR •• roSTERIOR ••••• -MEDIAN LATERALS LATERALS COOLEy ••••••••••••••• 2l-36 •• ~ •• 31 to 45 •• 28 to 32 •••••• --nuNTER ••••••••••••••• 23 to 30 •• 17 to 63 •• 19 to 40 •••••• -.. SA..Nnns • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 21 to 36 •• 31 to 45 •• 28 to 32 •••••• --atRaICK •••••••••••••• 17 to . 23 •• 28 to 42 •• 21 to 40 •••••• -... D. & M. •••••••••••• • 22 to 24 •• 19 to 26 •• 19 to 24 •••••• ....... aOtLINGER ••• ~ •••••••• lO to 44 •• 19 to 68 •• 18 to 60 •••••• --:Limits of Variation •• 10 to 44 •• 17 to 68 •• 18 to 60 •••••• = in the vast maj ori ty 0 f cases. the anterior groups of the t fj j second row of dorsal gland pores were wholly composed of small, ci~cular gland openings, ds in figUre; in the anterior groups of the third and fourth rows similar gland pores Vlere rare.l~T lacking; rarely ia the second row of gland pores ab-sent; the groups are variable as follows: nN:::ST IGATOR •••••••• ll!TE.RIOR ••••••••••••••••• POSTERIOR •••••• 1st. 2d. 3d. 4th. 1st. 2d. 3d. 4th. COOLEY ••••••••• O •••• O ••• 6-9 ••• 8-10 •••• 0 •••• 0 •••• 5-8 ••• 8-11 •• 2-4 i - 'I HUl:JTI:;R ••••••• •• 0.. • • .? •..•• ? •.•• O •• • e-2-~· ••• ? •••• ? ••• I-lOx SAlIDERS •••••••• O •••• O ••• 6-9 ••• 6-10 •••• 0 •••• 0 •••• 5-8 ••• 8-11 •• D. & ~ •....... O ••• 3-8 •• &-9 ••••• ? •••• 0 •••• O •••• 5-8 ••• 8-9 ••• - 0-3 4-10 4-15 HOLLIIJG:S? •••••• O. • • • -. • .0-1 •• 0-2 ••• 3-11 •• 4-14 •• 1-18x 6-16x 0-23x 0-8 4-10 4-15 4 Limits of ••• ~~.O~.. • • ..0-1 •• 0-a ••• 3-1l •• 4-14 •• ~riation I-18x 6-16x 0-23x -a~ almost constant character in the large series of this spa-Cles studied was the presence of one or two dorsal gland Pores in the posterior group of the second row. Hunter's ~ecord is the only one the writer can find where attention 18 called to this specific character; marginal gland pores in groups variable as follows: 1-1-2-2, 1-2-2-1, 1-2-2-2, 1-2-2_3, i-2-3-2, and 1-3-2-2; micropores and ventral pygid-ial setae as in figure. ~ ~~:a deep reddish-purple color. Chionaspis sy1vatica Sanders This species is a fairly recent addition to OUr lists of scale insects, having been described by Sanders in 190'1. It has been reported only from the following lOcalities: District of Columbia, hlaryland, Ohio, Pennsylva-nia, Virginia. and West Virginia, and its only known host is ~~ssa sy1vatica. It undoubtedly has a wider range than this If; I . Pygldium of Chionaspis sylvatlca(Sanders) The known distribution of Missouri Coccidae.-Albert Harold Hollinger. Chlonaspis sylvatlca Sanders. I MEA. PUTN ..... GENT 80LU\-6AUH. UVING UMH a ... R;TON DADE JASPER LAW NEWTON BARRY " noH. I (),) would indiaate, and will probably be subsequently found in most states where Nyssa spp. grow to any extent. In this itate the writer has found it in only one locality as refer-ence to its map of distributnon will show. It occurred quite abundantly on the smaller twigs. It is of no particular eConomic importance in this state. Altho only one collection has been made, it undoubtedly has a wider distribution, ~ at least thruout the southern half of the state where the sour gum ocCurs more commonly. No parasites or predacious enemies of this species are so far reported, but the exit holes of parasites ln a few of the scales. have been observed. The technical description of this insect is as follows: ~ale of male: Medium size: about .8 mm. to I mm. long: rather ~blong, and parallel-sided with rounded extremities; white; t rl-carinate: exu.via rather small:' comprising about one-fourth he length of the scale, and pale brownish. ~ale of female: Moderate size, averaging about 1.8 mm. long; ~ten irregular in shape, but sometimes rather pyriform, being eCided1y broadened just posterior to the exuviae: rather thick and firm in texture· sub-convex· whitish, but generally With extr~eous adhesive ~aterials: emviae moderate size; abGllllt on'-fourth the length of the scale: light reddish-brown: ventral Scale white and rather thin. Aault female: Rather small; ovate in outline: pygidium small; S1l.b-triangular, with somewhat rounded sides and a rather , POlnted aDex· medinn lobes noticably converging: broad, serrate and fused·to'near their narrowly- rounded apices: second pair Of lObes au'Oroximate at the outer bases of the median lobes; each with the inner lobule well developed, serrate, and nar-rOWly-rOunded to obscurely pointed; with inner margins about parallel; outer lobules small, triangular, and entire; third ~air of lobes moderately developed; lobules broad and serrate. he inner ones the larger; body margin laterad of the lobes !OmeWha~ serrate; a bulb-shaped ¥sraPhysis extends cephalad ~rom between the fUsed bases of he median lobes; ~land-sp1nes -.lth exception of the first one ,moderately well developed, and arranged as follows: I, I, I, 1-2, 4-6; ordinary malS1na1 1. (; if .... ~in~s as in figure; anal opening circul&r; rather small; d~a!!leter equal to about t'llice that of a circnmgenital gla!1d pore; located in the pygidiu.'rll slightly cel)hale/t of the center; ~rcumgenital gland pores relatively few, a~d arra~ged i~ fIve groups, as follows: InVEST IGA~J.lOR ••••••••• .A.Hl'ERIOE •• ANTERIOR •• POSTERIOR ••••• I~DIAn J.ATERALS L.c" .. TE:?.ALS SAIID~RS •••••••••••••• 7 to 10 •• 15 to 20 •• 14 to 18 •••••• -EOLLIl:GEB. • • • • • • • • • •• 5 to 13.. 7 to 22.. 7 to 16 •••••• -Limits of Variation •• [) to 13 •• 7 to 22 •• 7 to 18 •••••• --~rsal gland pores relatively few, and in the series of specimens studied, they occurred only in the third and fourth rows; variable as follows: INVEST IGATOR •••••••• Al{TERIOR ••••••••• ~ ••••••• 1?OST1RIOR •••••• -SAEDEBS •••••••• 0 ••• 1-2 ••• 3-4 ••• 3-4 •••• 0 •••• 0 •••• 4-5 ••• 4-7 ••• -ROLLINGER •••••• 0 •••• 0 •••• 0-4 ••• 0-5 •••• 0 •••• 0 •••• 1-4 ••• 2-4 ••• -~imits of •••••• 0 ••• 0-2 ••• 0-4 ••• 0-5 •••• 0 •••• 0 •••• 1-5 ••• 2-7 ••• ~riation ..........-; ~ta~ely are the anterior groups of the third row absent, but hose of the fourth row are often absent; marginal eland poras ~ariable as follows: 1-2-2-1, 1-2-2-2,,1-2-2-3; microporas a~~anged as in figure. Genus Chrysompha1us Asboead This generic name was tiiven to a division of the ASpidiotus b~T Ashmead in 1880, Fifteen years later Ber-lese and Leonardi placed the several species of this group ~der the name Aonidde11a, and took C. aur&ntii (Yask)., th.en known as Aspidiotus aurantii l.:Iask. as the type species. COCkerell, in 1897, proposed Me1anaspis as a sub-generic J f j . ; name for certain species of the Aspidiotus genus, and desig-nated C. obscurus (Comst.) as the type species. He also proposed a second sUb-generic name, Mycetaspis, for others of the Aspidiotus genus, and took C. personatus (Comet.) as the type species. These sub-generic names have not yet been given -the rank of generic value. Barreda, in 1901, published lnsaspidiotus as a new generic name for an insect in this group. Ashmead's first division of the Aspidiotus takes precedance over the other names, so the species having the following characters correctly belong to the Chrysomphalus genus. Its members favor the neotropical regions. altho two species are native to Missouri, and thrive, in SPite of the winter. The scales are generally dark colored. The pygidium of the female presents no incisions, but has elongate, slender, chitinous thickenings between the lobes, and generally has broad, fringed plates. Those species of this genus found in this 'tate may be separated by the following synoptic key: ' •• Anal opening remote from the apices _of the median lobes, being about centrally located i# the pygidium ••••• B ••• Apex of pygidium very narrow and pointed; margins of pygidium concave; paraphyses very long; four groups of circumgenital gland pores present ••••••••••••••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ' ••••••• Chrysomphalus perseae (Comst. ) BB ••• Apex of pygidium very broad and obscurely pointedi· mergins of pygidium straight or slightly convex; paraphyses clavate and bro~; five groups of cir-" " 1 r, {j cumgenital gland pores present •••••••••••••••••••• ••••••••••••••••••••• Chrrsornphalu~ obscurus (Comst.) AA •• Anal opening near the tip of the pygidium. being one-fourth or less of the length of the pygidium from its apex •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.•••••••• B •• Circumgenital gland pores absent; dorsal tubular wax ducts not penetrating into the penultimate segment; paraphyses very long. clavate, and stout •••••••••••• • • • • •• • • • • • •• • • • • • Chrysomphalus tenebricosus (Comst. ~) BB.Groups of clrcumgenital gland pores present; dorsal tubular wax ducts extending into the penultimate seg-ment; paraphyses elongate, but relatively short ••••• C ••• A tubular wax duct opening between the median lobes; plates cephalo-Iaterad of the third lobe bifurcate and deeply fringed laterally; anal opening fairly large; tubular wax ducts of two types: (1) filament-ous, capitate; (2) broad.cylindrical ••••••••••• •••••••••••••• Chrysomphalus aonidum (Linn.) CC •• NO tubular wax duct opening between the median lobes; plates cephalo-Iaterad of the third lobe deeply bi-furcate. unfrlnged. and faintly serrate; anal opening small; tubular wax ducts of only one type. being long, narrow cylindrical tubes ••••••••••• • • • • • • • • • • • • •• Chrysomphalus dlctyosr)ermi (llorgan) Chrysol'lmhalus conidum (Linn.) Q.occus aoniclum Linn. (1758) ,£.hrysOmphalus ficus Ashm. (1880) !spid iotus ficus Comst. (1881) !spidiotus aonidum Hemp. (1900) &hrysomphalus aonidu~ Fernald (1903) This coc,cid is probably of west Indhm origin. For many years it was known in the United States only in Florida, where it was first introduced into an orange grove near Orlando on a sour orange tree from Havana, Cuba. Inves-tigations by Comstock in 1880 showed that it was an abundant speCies in the public gardens of the City of Havana. From this introduction at Orlando it spread rapidly thru the orange districts of Florida. It was supposed to have been introduced 1nto Louisiana during the New Orleans Cotton Exposition of 1884 and 1885, b~t investigations by Morgan showed that it Was most prevalent in an orchard into which citrus plants from Brazil had been introduced, and from this Brazil nursery nearly all the citrus trees in the City of New Orleans had been secured~ This indicate. a South American introduction into Louisiana indepenlent of the ~est Indian introduction lnto Florida. The geographical distribution of this species lsas follows: Australia, Barbados, Brazil, Ceylon, Cuba, !:~tt Europe, India, Jamaica, Japan, Mauritius, Mexico, ~atal and the United States. In this country it has been ~eported from: California, ColoradO, Connecticut, District Ot COlumbia, Flerida, Georgia, Indiana, Iowa, Louisiana, Ch;rysomphalus aonidum(Linn.) about natural size on a leaf of Citrus Aurantium. Chrysomphalus aonidum (Linn.). commonly call ed the oleander scale or the red scale of Florida. greatly enlarged. Chrysomphalus aonidum (Linn.) much enlarged showing many second stage scales and a few mature scales. f' ., Michigan, Mississippi, New hlexico~ New York, Ohio, Texas and Wisconsin. This indicates that it is cosmopolitan but it seems to prefer moist, warm climates. It is common in Florida and derives its common name from that state, being called "the red scale of Florida". In California its attacks are confined almost entirely to greenhouses in the northern and central parts, and to tropical and sub-tropical gardens in Southern California. The drier climate there perhaps restricts its multiplication out of doors in those regions. for it is not an orchard pest there, as in Florida. In Natal and the Transvaal, it is found along the coast region or in low veldts, while in the drier regions it occurs in the green-houses. The leaves and the fruits are the portions of the plants preferred by this pest, altho it is occasionally found on the branches of the trees in South Africa. Comstock reports it as attacking the branches, twigs, leaves and fruits 1ndiscriminately. Young trees are severely injured but older trees do not seem to suffer much. The leaves and twigs, when thICkly infested, become yellow and are often killed. In " ~eenhouses it breeds continuously. and all stages are to be found at almost any time, due to the overlapping of genera. t1ons. Comstock reared five generations in less than a year, ~d S6 concludes that there are at least six generations a rear in Florida and the south. Greenhouse plants are often aeriously injured by this pest. The food plants of thil coccid are: Agrocomia ~tlcana, Aralia chabrlerii, A. paperiferae, A£8ucaria bid-1.71. wellii, Areca catechu, Artocafpus incisa, Aspidistra lurida, banana, begonia, Camellia, camphor, Chamerops gracilis, citron, cocoanut, Dictyospe~i album, Ficus nitida, grape fruit, guava, India rubber, Ilexlatiflliae. I. lurida, Kentia palms, lemon, oleander, orange, olive, Oreodoxia regia, fan palm, date palm, Phoenix canariensis, Rhododendron arboreum, rose, sago palm, Bignonia magnifica, Jasminum pubescens, Lawsonia inermis, Metrosideros spp., myrtle, Magnolia grandiflora, and poinsettia. In Missouri it has been found on those host Plants listed on page~qO. The technical descr'ption of C. aonidum is as follows: ~ale of malel Rather small in size; elongate-oval; about .7 mID. long and one-half as broad; color often resembling that of the female scale, but is sometimes decidedly lighter; the center being pale brownish to gray, and a narrow band of brown or blackish brown below this,with a marginal rim of gray which is widest at the caudal extremity; exuvia decided-ly super-central. . Scale of female: Somewhat variable in Size, but about 1.8 mm. In diameter; circular to sub-circular; moderately thick and ~ery firm and tough; sharply convex; general color of the Scale black, but variable; the central part reddish-brown or bgraYish-brown; the remainde~ of the scale is dark brownish-lack with a rim of gray or brownish at the margin of the seale; exuviae central to SUb-central, covered, nipple-like in appearance; color varying from an orange-vermilion thru reddish~brown to yellowish-brown; ventral scale white, rather thin but fairly ~ ;distinct. . &tUlt female: MOderate size; circul~r to ovate; distinctly tellow in liVing adults; Pigidium feebly chitinized; broadly trapezoidal; with three pa rs of well developed lobes; median lObes widely separated; projecting and prominent; each inner ~argin distinctly notched near the well-rounded apex; outer ~gin deeply notched slightly cephalad of the inner notch; 8econd pair of lobes with a distinct notch on their inner ~argiDs about midway of their length, and with well-rounded apices- their outer margins deeply notched once or twice. ~elati~ely near their bases; third pair of lobes notched once on the inner margins and rather serrate to multi-notched on their outer margins; l~bes all well separated from .ach other; distinct lateral teeth anterior to the las;plates. ~, Pygidium of Chrysomphnlus aonidum (Linn.) The known distribution of Missouri Coccidae.-.Jlbcrt lIaroid !Iollingcr. Chrysomphalus aonidum (Linn.) and in proximity of the fourth pair of spines; each interlobu-lar space bounded by two elongate, clavate !rocesses; plates arranged as follows: two apically fringed pateS between the median lobes; two similar ones laterad of each median lobe; three:aplcelly or sub-apically fringed plates between the second and third lobes, all of these more or less slender; three broad, bi-furcate plates between the third lobe and the lateral teeth, each furcation strongly fringed on the outer margins; Spiner; as ' ShO?ffi in figure; anal opening rather largeand broadly ova; diameter 'equal to about twice that of a circumgenital gl~d pore; length equal to about three times the diam.eter of a similar pore; located about twice its length from the apex of the pygidium.; circumgeni tlJ,l gland pores gen-erally arranged in only four groups, but often with a fifth group of one or two pores; variable, as follows: . nmSTIGATOR ••••••••• ANTERIOR •• ANTERIOR •• POSTERIOR ••••• _ EEDIAN LATERALS LATERALS C01:STOCK •••••••••••••••• 0 ••••••••• 8 •• -••••••••• 4. ~ •••••• -SAN'DEBS ••••••••••••••••• 0 •••••• 7 to 9 • • 4 to 5 • ••••• -l:rE:RR I CK. • • • • • • • • ••••• 0 to I • • 7 to 8 • • 3 to 4 • ••••• -D. & M. • ••••••••••••••• 0 •••••• 7 to 8 • • 4 to 5 • • • • • • -HOLLINGER •••••••••••• 0 to 2 • • 4 to 9 • • 3 to 5 • ••••• -Limits of Variation •• 0 to 2 • • 4 to 9 • • 3 to 5 • • • • • • -dorsal gland pores rather large, very numerous, and arranged i'6out as follows: one between the bases of the median lobes: trom three to eleven. but generally three, between the median and second lobes; one on the margin of the body wall at the Outer base of the second lobe, and just mesad of the inner Paraphysis of the last interlobular space: from seventeen to twenty-five extending in a double row cephalad from this same bepace; one just cephalo-lat~ad of e~ch third lobe at the &se of the first broad bi-furcate plate; a double row of trom seventeen to twenty-three extending cephalad from be-tieen the bases of the secont and third broad bi-furcate Plates between the third lobe and the lateral teeth; gener-ally one laterad of these very near the margin below the fOurth pair of spines· the tubular wax ducts consist of two d1etinc~ types and their location is as follows: those of the double row~ and the most lateral ones are all of the f11amentous type, having very long canals which extend sligh~ 11 into the penultimate segment; they are capitate. unipi8-17 :~ tonate; the other tubular wax ducts are all broadly cylindri-cal, and unipistonate; micropmres. basal and ventral thick-enings as in figure. Chrysompha1us d1ctyospermi (Mbrgan) Aspidiotus dictyospermi MOrgan (1889) Qbrysomphalus dictyospermi Leon. (1899) This scale insect is sometimes known bj the common name of "Morgan's scale". I It was first described by MOrgan in 1889 ~s Aspidiotus d1ctyospermi but has since been transferred to its presence genus due to certain generic characters. It is probably a native of tropical ASia. It is qUite cosmopolitan in tropical and sub-tropical regions. but it is confined to greenhouses in tae United States. with the possible exception of the extreme Southern states. Its foreign distribut~on is: Brazil, Cerlon, China. Demerara, France. Jamaica. ~xico, Trididad. and the West Indies. In this country it has been reported from: Colorado. Indiana, LouiSiana, Mississippi, New MexiCO, Ohio and Wisconsin. In Missouri, the writer has collected it in those counties shown on its map of distribution. The food plants of this speoies as reported are: Areca oatechu. A. 1utescens, Arbor Vitae, oycads. lictyospermum album. Erythrina indica, Ficus indica. Ficus PUmilIa var minor, Redera helix, Latania. mango~ orange, Palms, Pandanus, peaoh, Pinus spp., Rhapidophylum hystex, ~ose, rubber plant, eto. It is not one of the most important of the ~treenhouse pests with which the floriculturist has to conteBd, 17~ Pygidium of Chrysomphalus dictyospermi (Morg.) The known distrihuti on of Missouri Coccidae.-.1!/Jcrt lIarold II 0 I/il/lter. Chrysomphalus dictyospermi (Morgan) 0,,"'11. ] NORTH HARRIS, MEA. PUT"'" 14 GENT 8UI.U\ GRUH. UVtHe; UN" aARTON DADE JASPER LAW NEwTON a"RRY " ""N. I 1'.) and it probably never will be, for it breeds slowly and is kept partially in check by certain parasites. It is often attacked by small. internal Hymenoptera, Prospaltelle: lounsburyi Berl. and PSooli being one of them. The technical description of C. dictyospermi (Morg.) follows: §9ale ~f male: Small; elongate-oval; exuvia super-central. Of same color as the female scale. !cale of female: Rather small; about 1.6 rnm. in diameter; Circular; thin but firm in texture; flat to slightly convex; color grayish to pale fawn; exuviae covered; central and yellowish in color; ventral scale thin and white. !gu~t female: Rather small; yellowish, and more or less cir-cUlar i~ outline; pygidium of moderate size and projecting; moee or less triangular in shape to trapezoidal; lateral mar-gins more or less concave; th.ee pairs of well developed lobes present; median lobes with inner margins straight, diverging to form well-rounded apices; outer margins deeply notched about one-third their length from the apices; lateral margin Of second lobe notched about midway its length; :c:third pair Of lobes with one or two notches on their outer margins; the lObes often conspicuGusly narrowed at their outer bases; lateral teeth prominent cephalad of the bi-furcate plates; inter-lobular spaces bounded by long clavate paraphyses; the inner ones are either sub-equal, or are the longer; plates arranged as follows: two apically fringed plates betweeB the Inedian lobes; two similar . ones between the median and the Second pairs; three apically or sub-apically fringed plates between the second and third pairs; three large, broad,serrate l irregularly bi-fUrcate plates between the third lobe and the lateral teeth; slines as in figure; anal opening rather small; lllOre or less ova . width equal to one and one-half times the diameter of a cir~umgenital gland pore; length eQual to twice the diameter of a similar pore; located about four times . its length from the apices of the lobes; circumgenital gland Pares relatively constant and arranged as follows: INVESTIGATOR ••••••••• Al~TERIOE •• AllTERIOR •• POSTERIOR ••••• ...... MEl) I1Ur LATEP.ALS LATEPALS SA~~~n~ 0" ~ to 4 •••••• 2 ••••••••• 4'JJ~ • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• •••••• ~ ~ICK ••••••...••••• O to 1 ••• 2 to 4 •• 2 to 3 •••••• -------------------------------------------------------D. & M •••••••••••••••••• O •••••• 3 to 4 •• 2 to 3 •••••• 17/, HOLLINGER •••••••••••• 0 to 1 • • 2 to 5 • • 2 to 3 • • • • • • -Limits of Variation •• 0 to 1 •• 2 to 5 • • 2 to 3 • • • • • • -iorsal gland pores moderately abundant, but not very notica-bie; variable in groups, as follows: none between the median lObes; two between the median and second lobes; from three to twelve between the paraphyses of the next inter-lobular space, and extending cephalad; from four to ten extending cephalad from the .bases o~ the broad, bi-furcate lateral Plates, and one near the margin near the center of the area of the lateral teeth; tubular wax ducts more or less broad, uni-pistonate and cylindrical, the extreme outer rows ex-tending into the penultimate segment; micropores as shown in the figure. Chrysomphalus obscurus (Comstock) ~SPidiotus obscurus Comst. (1881) ~rysompha1u~ obscurus Leon. (1899) Coms~ock first described this species in 1881, and he gave it the common name of the "obscure scale", from WhiCh its specific name is derived. It seems to the writer that its common name was poorly chosen, for there are many other Diaspinae which are much more obscure than this spe-. cies, both as regards to size and color. It is indigenous to this country, having been ~eported from: District of Columbia, Florida, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Ohio,Texas and \Visconsin. In Missom-i it has been found in those counties indicated on its map of distribution. The recorded host plants of this species are: ~arious species of Quercus, including Q. phellos, Q. coccinae. Q~ acuminata, Q. macrocarpa, live oak and water oak, pecan, dogwOOd, chestnut, maple, grape, and hickory. It has been J 7'l found in Missouri by the writer on those hosts listed on page The writer has observed maby trees in the vicin-ity of COlumbia~ Missouri, severely infested, but has only once seen a small oak that had been killed by it. The pest attacks the trees from the crown to the small branches, and will sometimes be so thickly encrusted in places as to be Beveral scales deep. This is due partly to the habit of tee Young of settling down directly underneath their parent scale. 1n many cases being forced to do so by the close adhesion of the large parent scale. This brings about high mortality, for only a few young can grew to maturity in such crowded quarters. This crowding together under the parent scales f1nally ruptures the dead scale which sl~ughs off, leaving a very noticable white. circular area. The winter is passed 1n this latitude as a partly grown insect, both the males and the females. They have been reported at Washington. D. C. to pass the winter as the mature insect. Male pupae have been found by the writer at ~cBaine. Missouri, on the twelfth of April, 1916, and from which the adult males probably did not emerge until about the last of April or the first of May. In the bark of certain of its host plants. such as the laurel oak or Quercus imbricaria, this insect has the habit of caus-1ng small. irregular pits or depressions. This is possibly CaUsed by the secretion of a toxic agent where the buccal setae Penetrate the bark tissue. It is often severely paraSitized, there being at least more than one generation of some of the parasites. Parks and the writer observed several parasites emerging on 17R the t~enty-fifth of July on an oak tree which was very thoro-ly infested. The writer has reared several . parasites from this coccid. but they have not been identified. The technical description of this species is as follows: .§Sale of Male: Oval; moderately large; about 1.3 rmn. long and .5 mm. wide; color similar to the female scale; rather more convex than the scale of . the female; eXllvia ·euper-cen~ral; ~cale of female: Very large,varying from 2.5 mm. to slightly oVer 8 mm. in ddameter; circular to slightly ovoid in shape; mOderately thick; firm and tough in texture; slightly convex, being rather flat and spread out in appearance; color a uni-form slate-gray, but often darkened in weathered scales; not especially difficult to observe in situ; eXllviae nipple-like; sUbcentral to sub-marginal, and covered with a grayish secre-tion; deep brownish-black to almost jet-black; ventral scale rather thick and white; very noticabl, when the old scales Sl~ugh off. ldult female: Decidedly purplish when living, but brown when dead; live adults turn olive green when boiled in ten per-Cent caustic potash; pygidium heavily chitinized; rather large and more or less retracted within the body; broadly tri-angular; with the lateral margins slightly rounded and the apex distinctly pointed; median lobes prominent, projecting, and lapproximate, but broad and short; inner margin of each sligHt-r diverging to well-rounded or somewhat truncate apex; outer ~l rgin of each deeply notched about mid-way the length of the obes; second pair of lobes broad and low. with the inner mar-g1ns more or less vert ivaI and notched several times on their Outer margins, and with broad to 'narrowly rounded apices; third pair of lobes similar to the second pair; lobes all ~ather approximate; a distinct marginal chitinized area which bears several lateral teeth, some of which often resemble ~dimentary lobes; interlobular spaces bounded by stou~, cIa-~ate paraphyses; located in theee groups on either side of the ~esont as follows: two between tbe median and second lobes; th~ee between the second and third lobes; and a pair between the thitd lobe and the rUdimentary fourth lobe; in the first tl'oup the inner one is the longer; the middle the .longest in the second group and they are sub-equal in the third group; ~atei inconspic~ous and located as follows: one short bi-rca e plate between the median lobes; a similar one between the median and the second lobes, two broad furcate plates be-t~een the third and the rudimantart fourth lobes; spinee 1 7~} Pygidium of Chrysomphalus obscurus (Comst.) The known distributi on of Missouri Coccidae.- . llhcrl l1arold Hol/il/ger. Chrysomphalus obscurus (Comst.) L, located as in figure; anal opening small; elongate-oval; its width equal to one and its length equal to one and one-half times the diameter of a circumgenital gland pore; located about two-fifths the length of the pygidium from its apex; , ~ircumgenital gland pores generally in five groups, rarely in four; variable as follows: IN'VESTIGATOR ••••••••• A.NTERIOR •• ANTERIOR •• l'OSTERIOR ••••• -1:EDIAN LATERALS LATERALS COMSTOCK ••••••••••••• 6 • • 12 •• 8 • ••••• -SANDERS ••••••••••.••• 6 • • 12 •• 7 • • • • • • -RE.RRICK •••••••••••••• 3 to 9 • • 9 to 13 •• 2 to 6 • ••••• -D. &: M. • • • • • • • • • • • • • 3 to 5 •• 11 to 14 •• 3 to 6 • • • • • • -ROLLINGER •••••••••••• 0 to 8 • • 0 to 15 •• 1 to 9 • ••••• -Limits of Variation •• 0 to • • • 0 to 15 •• 1 to 9 • • • • • • --~rsal gland pores rather small, and grouped as follows: none between the median lobes; from three to eight extend-1ng cephalad from between the median and second lobesi one or two between the inner-most paraphysis of the second group; from fourteen to twenty-two extending cephalad from between the second and third lobes; two or three between the paraphyses of the space laterad of the third lobe, and about five laterad of the outer-most paraphysis; tubular ~x ducts filamentous, long, capitate, and unipistonate; croporel, basal and ventral thickenings and the ventral PYg1d1al setae as in figure. !ggs: To the knowledge of the writer, this record of the eggs is the first one to be published. It has been stated that this species is viviparous, but this is no) true of it in Missouri; eggs oval; translucent, and spotted with pur-P11sh- about 276 mmm. long and 179 mmm. in diameter; covered e:pari~gly with a fine, 'vhi tish, waxy powder; observed on the f1fteenth of September, 1916; egg-shells pure white. ~un~ : Almost circular, and broadly rounded at each end; mottled pale straw-color ; and purplish; eyes small , blackitil; legS and ante~~ae pale yellowish; translucent. lRl Chrysomphs1us perseae (Comstock) ASpidiotus perseae Comst. (1881) ~hrysomphalu~ perseae Leon. (1899) This species was first described by Comstock from ~lorida in 1881. He gave it the common name of the "red_bay Bhle" t because he found his first specimens on the leaves of that plant, and the specific name "perseae" after the generic name of the host. It later was received by him from the United States Consul at !~zatlan. Mexico, on the leaves of c080anut palm. Since then it has been found on several plants. the recorded list being: Anthurium harassii. cocoanut palm. Ilex sPP., long-leaved pine. Magnolia glauca. M. grandiflora. orchids. Fersea caroliniana. and Viburnum spp. In Missouri the writer has collected it in abundance on the green fruit Of the banana in one of the Kansas City wholesale fruit-houses. It was very noticable. the brown scale with its black center Contrasting sharply with the green color of the skin of the unripened bananoes. It is recorded from the fo~lowing countries: England. in greenhouses, Mexico and the Unitel states. In ~his country it has only a limited distribution: Florida, .. ~ssissippi, New Jersey and Wisconsin. In the 'extreme sout~ ern states it lives out doors, but in the northern states tt occurs only in greenhouses or on imported fruits on the lllarkets. 1 0 C} . 0/", / Pygidium of Chrysomphalus perseae (Comst). The known distribution of Missouri Coccidae.-.·llbcrl Ill/mid IlollillEta. Chrysomphalus perseae (Comst.) 0,.". r ORTH HARRIS MCR. PUT" __ 14 GENT lULU .. 6RUH. UVING UNH U,."trOH D'-'Of ,JA$P[R LA .. NEwTON BARRV M noH. 1 pI No predacious or parasitic insects are re-Corded as working on this coccid, but und..6ubtedlyit has its enemies where it is native. The technical description of this species is as follow's: ~cale of male: Moderate size; elongate-oval; about 1 mm. long and .6 mm. wide; exuvia super-central or sub-marginal; other-wise similar to the scale of the female. ~cale of female: MOderate size; circular or approximately sq; rather thin. but firm and str~ng in texture; quite flat; dark fawn to reddish-brown; exuvia covered; more or less central, and jet-black to grayish-black in color; ventral svale delicate and white. ~dUlt female~ Moderate size; nearly Circular. with a very ong and pointed pygidium; pygidium with concave lateral mar-gine, forming a distinctly pointed apex; lobes rather small; ~hedian lobes more or less circular in outlIne. altho broader an long; entire. well-separated. and with somewhat trun-cated apices; second pair of lobes with each inner margin diverging to a more or less narrowly rounded apex; a deep notch on the outer margins about mid-way the length of the lobes; Well separated from the median lobes; third pair of lobes Wtith outer margins distinctly oblique and notched several imes; more or less pOinted, but quite broad at the bases; laterad of the lobes is a definite marginal 4hitinized area :pparently dentate and serrate; inter-lobular spaces bounded 1 very long. slender paraphyses, occurring as follows: two SUb-equal ones between the median lobes· two between the med-ian and the second lobes. the inner one'the longer; three between the second and the third lobes, the inner one the llongest and the outer one the smallest; one long paraphysis aterad of the base of the third lobe, and i8 about as long as the inner ones of the other groups; plates rather incon-SPicuous, and arranged as follOWS: two apicafly fringed plates between the median lobes; two similar. slightly broader plates between the median and the second pair of lobes; two broader Plates between the second and third pairs. and two laterad of the third lobe; spines located as in figure; anal opening l'ather large~. elongate-oval; width equal to two and length eqUal to about four times the diameter of a circumgenital gland pore; located about three of the length og the pygidium from its apex; circumgenital gland pores in four groups, as fOllows: INVESTIGATOR ••••••••• ANTERIOR •• Al~TERIOR •• POSTERIOR ••••• l.SDIAlJ LATERALS LATERALS COy~TOCK ••.•••••••••• 0 • .10 to 12 •• 8 • • • • • • HEP.RICK •••••••••••••• O· • • 8 to 12 •• 5 to 8 • • • • • • HOLLING~~ •••••••••••• 0 • • 6 to 7 • • 5 to 6 • ••••• -L:i.mits of Variation •• 0 ... 6 to 12 •• 5 to 8 • ••••• --_ . . !orsa1 Ll'3.nd pores very sT!1all; abundant, and ar-ranged as ·· tallows: one between the median lobes; three or four be-tween the paraphyses which constitute the seuond group; four Or five between the two inner-most paraphyses of the third group; one or two between the inner and the outer-most par-aphys6s of the same group; laterad of the outermost para-PhYSis an irregular double row of two fairly distinct groups, the anterior of nine o~ tent _and the posterior of from lleven to thirteen; tubular wax ducts very long and filamentous, those of the anterior groups extending into the penultimate segment; capitate and unipistonate; micropores and ventral »ygldial setae as in f1gur~. ¥&gs: Orange-yellow, ana number about fifyY; hatching on the twenty-first of April, 1916 !£un~: Orange colored and broadly rounded at the cephalic end, and tapering somewhat to the caudal end which bears two Short anal filamBnts; very active; first-stage scales snow-White, and begun on the twenty-first of April, 1916. Chrysomphalus tenebricosus (Comstock ) !'Spidiotus tenebricosuaCQIDstock:(188l) !2nidiel1a tenebricosa Leon. (1899) £QrYSOmphalus tenebricosus Fernald (1903) Comstock described this species in 1881, Calling it the "gloomy scale". Why he did so, is not en-tirely clear. but the surmis~ is that its black external appearance, as of mourning, gave rise to the mame. Its Specific name comes from the Latin word "tenebrae", which 1 Ll r--0,) means darkness. The type spec~mens were found at Washington, D. C. on the trunk and limbs 01 Acer rubrum, or red maple. It has long been known under the old generic name of Aspidio-tus, but correctly belongs to its present genus. This indigenous scale insedt is not widely distributed, having been recorded only from the following: California, District of Columbia, Georgia, Louisiana, Missis-iPPi, and texas. In Missouri it has been located in those Counties indicated on its distribution map. The following list contains the known food planjs of -this species: !cer rubrum, A. saccharinum, A. sao charum , A. negundo, Aesou-lus glabra, Carpinus carolinians, Castanea sativa, Celtis . Occidenta1is, Morus spp., Populus deltoides, Platanus ocoi-denta1is. Pyrus malUS, Quercus alba, Q. nigra, Salix spp., and Ul.mu.s americanum. In Missouri it has been submitted to the writer on those plants listed on page 3fO• Neither parasitic nor predaoious enemies of this speCies have been recorded. It is reported ~ being l'1Tiparous, and of being killed by severe cold. It hiber-/ -nates over winter as an adult female. The teohnioal description follows: Scale of male: Rather small; about .6 mm. in diametet; broad-!:Vova1; exnv1a deo1dedly super-oentral; soale very oonvex, 8.Ud similar to that of the female. ~le of female: MOderate size; about 1 mm. 1n diameter; 01r-Oltlar or nearly so; rather thiok and firm in texture; very oonvex· dark gray to black· exuv1ae generally sub-central or 'Ub-m~ginaland are surm~unted by a small, distinct nipple 0t .hi te; ve~tra1 scale very noticable ,and rather thi.k. !!ult female: MOderate size; light brown; nearly ciroular; ~idium rather large· broadly oval, with .el1 rounded lateaal ~gin8; four pairs of .e11 developel lcbes pres.nt; median 18fJ L · • Pygidium of Chrysomphal~s tenebricosus (Comst.) The known distribution of Missouri Coccidae.-Albert Hamid H ol/il/ger. Chrysomphalus tenebricosus (Comst., ] lObes relatively small, well separated, with inner margins nearly parallel; apices broadly rpunded; outer margins ob-tUsely notched near the apices; second pair of lobes rather close to the median lobes, but well separated from the third pair; rather broad, rounded, and notched twice on the outer margin; third pair of lobes larger than either the median or the second pairs of lobes, and more or less triangular in shape with the outer margin deeply and sharply notched; oc-caSionally a notch occurs on the inner margin near the base ~f the lobe; located about mid-way between the second and he fourth lobes; fourth pair of lobes the largest of all; distinctly notched and dentate; more or less broadly trian-gular; laterad of these are about four distinct,pointed, marginal projections, the one cephalad generally notched on the outer margin; no interlobular incisions, but spaces with ~ery long, clavate aaraphyses located as follows: two be-ween the median an second lobes, the inner one generally the shorter, but occasionally as long as the outer one; three between the second and third lobes, the inner one the shortest ~nd the middle one much the longest; generally two mesad the ase of the fourth lobe, the inner one the longer; occasional-ly a very small third one is present; Elates rather small ~nd Obscuriy fringed; two between the median and second lobes; Wo between the second and third lobes, and two between the third and fou~th; marginal spines located as in figure; anal ~ning relatively very small; approximately circular; dIame-ter approximately equal to the width of the base of ane of ~he paraphyses; circumgenital gland pores absent; dorsal gland ~es very obscure minute tho rather numerous; tubular wax ~ moderately l~ng, fil~entous and variable at their bases; some are relatively simple, while others appear more or less compound. as the figure will show; micropores, ventral PYgidial setae, basal and ventral thickenings, as in figure. Genus DiasEis Costa This genus was described by costa in 1828, but no tyPe was named. Later the species "calyptroides costa : ~ocacti Bouche" was designate! as the type. This genus closely resembles certain species Ot the Aspidiotus in the shape of the scale of the female b~t the scales of the males easily distinguish the one from the other. It includes species in which the female has a Circular scale in which the exuviae are either centrally lo-Cated or sub-marginal. The scale of the male is narrow, Darallel-sided, tri-carinated or uni-carinated, with the exu-via cephalo-termlnal, and resembling the male scales of ~.~~as;e!..~. No male scales in the genus ..::.. sp!.d_iot~~ resemble the male scales of this genus. This genus often resembles certain of the species in Aula8~s~i~, and they can not be eaSily distinguished, except that the scales of the female ~spis are more nearly circular than those of the AulacasEis. The scales of the males are the same in both generu ' . Only one species of this genus has been found in I~jlssouri. Its synoptic characters are: ~ 4· ••• Liedian lobes retracted within the pygidium; very diver-gent and coarsely serrate; attached along their outer margins to the sides of the pygidiuffi; dorsal gland pores apparently arranged promiscuously, and not in definite rows; anal opening large, and caudad of vaginal opening ••••••• Diaspis boi~duvalii Sign. Diaspis boisduvalii Signoret ~SpiB boisduval1! Sign. (1869) ~aspi~ boisduvalli Ck11. (1893) This species was first found by Signoret in-testing several varieties of orchids in the conwervatories Of the Louxembourg. Since that time it has been reported On several greenhouse plants, including the following: ~caCia, Areca nobilis, Cattleya spp., cocoanut, Cocos spp., CYcads, Kentia palms, Livingstonia spp., 1Iarants spp., Pandanus spP., Phoenix spp., Ravanela madagascariensis, WaShingtonia spP., and wattle. It was first found in this 1 \. j Diaspis boisduvall i Signoret about natural size on a leaflet of date palm, showing both the scales of the males and of the females. Dias~is boisduvalt i Signoret much enlarged to show the gregariousness of the male scales. country by Comstoc~ upon Ravanela and Livingstonia. Plants attacked by this pest show discolored spots, at first yellow-ish, but later becoming dark brovm to black. In i,lissouri it has been found upon palms of several species. In distribution, it is nearly world-wide, Rav-ing been taken in the following foreign countries: Australia, Barbados, Brazil, Canada, Europe, Hawaiian Islands, Mexico, New Zea1i.and, Peru, Trinidad, and the Vlest Indies. In this COuntry it has been reported from the following localities: COlorado, District of Columbia, Indiana, Louisiana, ,Massachu-setts, Mississippi, New York, Ohio, and 'l7isconsiB, but un-dOubtedly occurs in many of the remaining states. In all cases excepting the extreme south it is a greenhouse dweller, but in Louisiana it may occur out doors and undoubtedly sur-~i~es the southern climate in the other Gult: states as well. ~he eggs, immature females, mature ~emales, male pupae, and adult males have all beed observed o~ the same date, the tWelfth of november, 1915. It is highly parasitized at times. The technical description of D. boisduvalii is as follows: ~le of male: Elongate; narrow, parallel-sided; about .8 mm. long; strongly tricarinate; pure white; usually massed, and cO~ered with many whitish, coiled, woolly threads; exuvia rather small; cephalo-terminal and brownish. ~le of female: Moderately large: generally irregularly cir-cular with long diameter about two rrm. and about 1.5 rom. wide; ~ery thin, but firm in texture; very flat; transparent to translucent; grayish-white to pale favm.colored; exuviae Straw-colored or yellowish; central or nearly so: rather large; ~entral scale very thin and whitish. ~lt female: Nearly circular; moderately large: Ugid!~: ~oderately large with straight diagonal margins, trunc aCross the apex due to the retracted medi~n lobes; median Pygidium of Diaspis boisduvalii Sign. The known distrihuti on of Missouri Coccidae.-. llha! Ilamld Ilol/jl/ger. Diaspis boisduvalii Signoret. I i il I . ,; ~obes well separated; retracted entirely within the pygidium, and with the outer margins entirely udnate to the walls of the Pygidium; with the inner margins serrate; widely divergent, forming approximate,ly an eighty degree angle; well separated from the second pair of lobes by a prominent. projecting. rounded or pointed g~and-prominence; second pair o£ lobes ConSisting of two lobules, ~the ' inner one the larger and pro-jecting caudally at least as far as the apices of the median lObes; the third pair of lObes well separat~d from the second pair, and with sub-equal lobules; the inter-lobular gland-prominence similar to the lobules; a rudim~ntary,serrate fOurth lobe occurs laterad of the 'small, narrow glcnd-promi-nence; inter-lobular insisions and Earaphyses absent; gland-~~~ more or less spine-like; however those between the fourth and fifth lobes are distinctly bi-furcate or trifid in well prepared speCimens; located as follows: two Simple ones be-tween the median lobes; one laterad of the third lobe; four stout gland-spines laterad of the fifth lobe, and severa l Similar ones on the penultimate segment; orddnary marginal Spines as in figure; anal opening rather egg-shaped; quite large; width equal to three and length e ~ual to five times the diameter of a circumgenital gland pore; located caudad of the vaginal opening; circumgen~tal glan~ pore~ rather small, and arranged in five more or less massed groups, vur-table as follows: INVEST IG~TOR ••••••••• AliTERIOR •. AUTEl1IOR •• POSTERIOJ ••••• _ l,lliDUH LATERALS LATERALS COlmTOCK •••••.•.•.••. 8 to 15 •• 22 to f;;9 • • If) to -, r> ~ . .J • ••••• ----SANDERS •••••••••••••• G to 16 •• 20 to 28 •• 15 to Ie •••••• --BElL-qrCK •••••••••••••• 6 to 8 •• 12 to 15 •• 10 to 15 ••.... --D. & F .... ••••••••.• , , •• 8 to 10 •• 16 to 19 •• 12 to 15 •••••• ""'-. ROLLINGER •••••••••••• 8 to 14, .13 to 28 •• 11' to 21 ••. ' .•• ------ -Limits of Variation •• 6 to 16 •• 12 to 29 •• 10 to 21 •••••• =::::::::.::: ~l gland pores of the Chionaspis type; rather numerous, an~ apparently arranged promiscuously in the caudal half ~t the pygidium; marginal gland pores. micropores. and antral pygidial setae as shown in figure. Genus Hemichio~aspis Cockerell This genus was at first only deSignated as a sUb-genus mf the old genus Chion~~Eis by Cockerell in 1897. Two years later Cooley ranked this group of Coccida~ as a genus, because of certain fixed characters. His des-cription is as follows: " S ~le of male: Elongate; uni-carinate or tri-carinate; Ventral scale complete, forming with the upper one a tube or Sac • .§.ca1e of female: More or less pyrdform in outline, tho ~Ometimes elongate and narrow; ventral scale but slightly e~eloped; exuviae at the anterior extremity, the first one partly overlying the other; first exuvia naked; second more tOr less covered by secreted material; secreted portion of he scale varying from brawn to yellowish. ~Ult female: Elongate; broadened posteriorly; conspicuous-Y segmented; abdominal segmants with a more or less distinct group of small, nearly circular gland orifices on each side, being more distinct near the pygidium; more or less distinct rows of oval gland orifices on the dorsal surface, between segments; a group of gland-spines on each side of the abdomi-nal segments more distinct near the pygidium than anteriorly; the characters of the pygidium are as follows: one, two, or three pairs of lobes present- median lobes with their inner edges striaght, parallel, cl~se to each other or touching for their entire length, the outer edges being rounded and either crenate or serrate; these two lobes together' -form approxi-~ately a semicircle, and are darker than the other lobes; lObes of the second and thiid pairs when present composed of two lobules of which the inner is larger than the outer; gland spines simple and generally quite l&rge and conspicuous; SPines usually plainly visab1e, those on the dorsal longer thmn thOse on the ventral surface- circumgenital gland orifices always present and arranged in five groups." The name of this genus comes from the shape that the median lobes take, the two together forming a semi-Cirlle. This separates all species of this genus from all Other scales that may bear external resemblance to them. ~he type species of this genus is H. aspidistrae (Sign.) , and is the only one of this genus that is found in Missouri. Its synoptic charaatera areps follows: A ••••• I,redian lobes approximate and parallel for their entire length, forming a half circle; anterior groups of dorsal gland pores absent; second pair of lobes nearly as tall as the median lobes ••••••••••••••• ••••••••••••••• Hemichionas~ ~spidistrae (Sign.) Hemichionaspis aspidistrae (Signoret) ~hiona~is aspidistrae Sign. (1869) Qtionaspis brazi1iensis Sign. (1869) Qgionaspis latus Ck11. (1896) ~michionaspis aspidistrae Cooley (1899). This exotic species is native to the tropics, but was first described from France in 1869 by Signoret. It has been reported from: South .~:..ustralia, Brazil, Canada, Ceylon, England, Formosa, India, Japan. Trinidad and the United States. In this country it has been reported from California, Colorado, District of Columbia, IndiaJ+a, llIassachusetts. Mississippi. Hew Jersey. Ohio, and W1sconsin, but undoubtedly occurs thruout this country under glass. In Missonri it has been found in those counties Shown on its map of distribution. Its food plants are: Acacia melanoxylon, A.locasia spp., .L~momum spp •• Areca catechu. Aspidistra 1urida atter which it was named, Copparis moorrii. Cocos p1umosa , Croton spp., cycads. Cyanotus spp., various species of cul-t1vated ferns, Ficus spp •• Gaulthecia fragrans. Helichonia , ( I' i ,t : ) Pygidium of Hemichionaspis aspidistrae (Sign.) The known distributi o n of Missouri Coccidae.-Albert Harold Hol/il/ger. Hemichiohaspis aspidistrae (Signoret) r JASPER NEWTON 1 ~},) metallica. mango, orange, Orchis, Palms, peppe~, Pothos spp., Strobilanthus viscosus and Theae spp. In lfissouri the writer collected it upon those plants listed on page 3q/ • It is an especially injurious pest in India and Ceylon. In certain greenhouses of this state, this Species, which is locally called the "white scale", is the worst pest the greenhou2.e men have to control. There seems to be at present no really effective method of control known. The only natural enemy found recorded as at-tacking it is a lady-bird beetle Chilocorus circumdatus, but the writer has continually found scales showing parasitism. The technical description of this species is as follows: ~e of male: Rather small; slightly less than 1 mm. long; narrow, parallel-sided, and rounded caudally; strongly tri-carinate; white; exuvia terminal and yellowish-brown. ~e of female: About 1.7 mm. to 2.3 mm. long; generally PYriform, but occasionally decidedly broadened posteriorly; ;ather thin, but firm and str~ng in texture; slightly conve~; elddish-brovm to light-bro\~; exuvi~moderately large, termln-a and brownish; ventral scale thin and whitish. ~ale: Rather long and narrow; El&~dium more or ~:ss circular in general outline; slightly chitinized; 1 dian lobes projecting, notched two or three time~ on the ateral margins but with the inner margins approXlmate and Parallel- the t~o median lobes together form a semicircle; ~6cond p~ir of lobes well separated from the median and rom the third pairs of lobes· with both lobulas rather long ~~d more or less spatulate; apices of the median lobes and _16 first or inner lobule on a line; third pair of lobes t1th the inner lobule well developed; notched two or thre~ mes and obtusely pOinted- outer lobule more or less rudl-~~ntary; gland prominences'between the lobes prominent, lobe-s ke, and more or less rounded; a stout bulb-shaped ~araphY- _ ~ betl"!e ':;n the bases of the median lobes, extendi~g cep~~!~d, ~a and-spines located as follows: 1, 1, 1, I, 2,-:, _ or~. . Y ~l spines as in figure; anal opening of moder~te ~lZet t!:t'CUlcr, and about thre tO! times the diameter of a circumgeni-1 gland pore; located about central in the pygidium; it , : • I , £ircumgenital gland pores arranged in five groups, as follows: INVEST IGATOR ••••••••• _Al~TERIOR •• AlJTERIOR •• PO~ TZ~1 IO~~ ••••• COMSTOCK ••••••••••••• 8 to 9 •• 18 to 24 •• 15 to 18; ••••• -------------------_ .. _. COOLEY ••••••• ~ ••••••• 5 to 15 •• 15 to 22 •• 17 to 23 ••••.• SAl,TDP:JQ 't .u.!.w •••••••••••••• 5 to 15 •• 14 to 22 •• 15 to 23 •••••• HER~ICK ••••••...••..• 8 to 10 •• 17 to 25 •• 16 to 23 •••••• ----'- '-- '- ._._---- --------D. & M •••••.•••••••• 13 to 14 •• 25 to 27 •• 23 to 24 •••••• -ROLLINGER •••••••••••• 8 to 14 •• 21 to 30 •• 20 to 26 •••••• ---Limits of Variation •• 5 to 15 •• 14 to 30 •• 15 to 26 •••••• --- -~rsa1 gland pores arranged in two rows; relatively few in nUmber; variable, as follows: INvEST IGATOR •••••••• ANTERIOR ••••••••••••••••• 1'OSTERIOR -------------------------------------------------------COOLEY ••••••••• 0 •••• 0 •••• O •••• 0 •••• 0 •••• O ••• 2-5 ••• 2-5 •• '--------------------------------------------S~lDERS •••••••• O •••• O •••• 0 •••• O •••• O •••• O ••• 2-5 ••• 2-5 •• ----------------- ----------------------------------------HOLLINGER •••••• O •••• O •••• O •••• O •••• O •••• O ••• 1-3 ••• 3-5 •• ---------------------------------------------------------~lmits of •••••• O •••• O •••• O •••• O •••• O •••• O ••• 1-5 ••• 2-5 •• ~1ation ~---.------------- -----III ~:~~1nal gland pores, micropores, ventral thickenings and Tal pygidial setae as in figure. Genus Lepidosaphes Shimer This genus was established by Shimer in January, 1868 t • , 0 include one species conchiformis • u1mi Linn. (1758). Alth~ the generic description was not complete, it is certain-ly more satisfactory than the descriptions of many genera in this and other orders of inse«ts, which have been accepted without question. The neme ltIytilaspis, a synonym of this genus, was first used by Signoeet without a word of description in a paper read before the Societie Entomologique de France in March 1868, and no description of it was published until 1870. It is correct, therefore, to use the present name of the genus, rather than its synonym, even tho the name Ml!ilaspis is the more familiar one. To this genus belong those species in which the scale of the female is long and narrow, and more or less cUrved. The exuviae are cephalo-terminal, and the scale is generally quite convex and varies from gray to black. The SCale of the male resembles that of the female in form, but it is smaller and bears a single exuviae The caudal end of the male scale is joined to the rest of the scale by a thin waxy connection which serves as a hinge. This allows the hinged portion to be lifted when the adult male insect emerges. Comstock says (1Z Fig. 13. Anal plates. Fig. 14. Spiracular and marginal spines. Fig. 15. Antenna. (after Thro, 53) Photomicrograph of the anal region of Eucal~atus tes-sella~ (Signorct). (after Sanders,76) The known distributi on of Missouri Coccidae,-Albert Harold Hol/illger, Eucalymnatus tossellatus (Sign.) I ') r:' I~ .) I The food plants of this insect are numerous, and among which may be mentioned:Caryota cumingii, C. urens, Eugenia jambos, ferns, ~entia palms, Eowea belmoreana, Laurus nObilis, ~ignum vitae, orchids, Oreortoxiaregia, palms. Phoenix spp., rattan palm, Ehapij variegatus, royal palms, Sapindus saponaria, Trachycarpus excelsus, Wallichia caryatifolia. It is widely distributed, as its records will show: Engl&nd, France, Australia, Hawaiian Islands, Eauritius, Ceylon, Jamaica, and the United States and Canada. In this Country it has been reported from: California. Colorado, Florida, Iowa, Hew Jersey, Louisiana, and 'NisconsiB, but un-· doubtedly occurs in man~T other parts of this country. The \vriter has found no records of parasites or pre-dacious enemies attacking this cocci4. The technical description of E. tes8ellatus (Sign.) is as follows: ~lllt female: About 3.5 m~. long and 2.5 mm. wide; ovoid and Very flat; dark brown with well defined tessellations; tesserae With circular or irregularly shaped dots; anten~ae eight seg-mented; often indistinctly segmented; segments variable in Bize, but the third segment normally the longest; legs rather amall; coxa about twice the length of the trochanter; fenru.r about three times as long as the trochanter; tibia about the · length of the femur; tarsus about as long as the coxa, and. about three-foutths the length of the tibia; marginsl spines Short, slender, and either apically bifurcate or pointed; Inedian spiracular spine about two and one-half times the length . Of the outer ones; arising from a more or less ma:r.gin~.l notch; · ~al plates si tueted at the anterior end of the caudal cleft, aOout one-fourth the length of the body from the caudul end; anal plates together slightly longer than broad, but each one about twice as long as broad; with the cephelo-Iateral margin Slightly shorter then the cauda-lateral margin; four long tringe setae in two groups of two each, with the inner ones . the shorter; sUb-apic&1 setae six in number, three on each anal plate; ~ spical setae of same number. Genus Exeeretppus Hewst. This genus was established iYl 1894· by l~ewstead. In correspondance with lIorris'on t he states: " According to Lind1inger, 'Die Shild1ause, Cocciden', stutteart, 1912, the type of ' this genus ', B. formic6ticola nelVSt., is the same thing as Luzulaspis 1uzu1ae (Dufour)~ so that" if Lindlinger is right, it is possible that the above species will have to be changed to Luzulaspis Ckl1., or some other n~.me, as Exaeretopus Ne-y.rst. will become a sJrnonym of Luzu-laspis Ckll. The characters of this genus are: ~dult female: Mouth parts present; spiracles absent on the abdominal segments; naked; anal ring fringed with heirs or setae; entremity of abdomen cleft; anal opening c10eed by a pair of triangular dorsal plates; at least the anterior tarSi two-segmented. Only one species of this genus has been found in tissouri. Its synoptie characters are as follOWS: ·a ••••• Tersi two-segmentel; ~~tennae eight segmented; segments all short and robust; derm with many ducts ending in in long whip-like lashes; body with a discontinuous frimge of marginal spines ••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •••••••••••••••••• ?Exaeretopus boonei SPa novo. Exaeretopus (? Luzu1aspis) boonei epa novo. , ~ult female: 3.2 mm. long and 3 mm. wide; ~ with innumer-25!1 , able, small, circular gland pores, 5 mmm. in diameter; near . the body margin are many short, rod-shaped ducts with whip-like lashes which are as long as 30 mmm.; also obscurely pitted Or a1veolated with small irregularto circular pores, 15 mmm. in ,. diameter; EI..ntennae eight segmented; antennal formu.lae variable. Legend for figures of F,xaeretopus (Luzulasp~) boonei species novo on right-hand page. A •••• !.Iarginal area caudad of anal cleft of adult female. B •••• Antenna of adult female. C •••• Marginal spine greatly enlarged. D •••• Anal region showing anal plates and anal ring. E •••• Anterior spiracle. F •••• Posterior spiracle. H •••• Prothoracic leg of adult female. L •••• Body gland greatly enlarged showing whip-like ending· 1 (See legend on left-hand page.) Antennal curves of Exaeretopus (Luzulaspis) boonei species novo. The known distribution of Missouri Coccidae.-Albert Harold Hollinger. Exaeretopus (Luzulaspis) boonei sp. n. I 2'j J e.s follo '.vs: 4831(56)72, 4(83)(1567)2; antennal curves as in diagra~; legs extraordinary fo~ female coccids; prothoracic legs well inside the prothoracic spiracles, .between them wld the mouthparts; the coxa well develolied 2nd cone shaped; the trochBnter small and obecui.~ely triangular and fitting close upon the femur, and about one-third the length of the femur'; the femur two-fifths as wide as the length of the trochanter plus the femur; tibia about as long as the femur plus the trochanter; the tarsi distinctly tYlO segmented, the distal segment being the longer of the two by about one-half its length; the tarsal claw .s long as the first tarsal joint or the segment next to the tibia; mesothoracic leg with coxa well developed; trochanter obscure; the trochanter plus the femur . about twice as long as wide, and about the length of the tibia, but at least twice as broad as the tibia; the tibia club-Shaped, the larger end being nearly as wide as the femur and jOins to the tarsi; the tarsi nearly as long as the tibia, ~nd are about as w:bde as the distal end of the tibia, and with the middle margmns slightly concave; tarsal claw long, curved, and POinted; metathoracic leg with the coxa as in the other legs; the trochanter plus the femur not so long as the tibia, but about the same length as the tarsi; the te,rsi apparently t\VO Or three jOinted, but the segments so obscure, being mere indi-cations, that the number of jOints in this tarsus rather in-definite; spiracles very characteristic, with tops shaped like the apothecia of Sclerotinia fructigena (Pers.) Schroet., the bro\vn-rot fungus of stone fruits; each one 125 mmm. by 50 r.iID.TIl. at the top or cup, and with a stalk portion aWout 90 mmm. long and 30 ~nLTIl. in diameter; a marginal fringe of about 290 stout body spines, varying in size from 30 mmm. to 45 mmm. in length and from 9 mmm. to 10 mmm. in diameter, the shorter ones being only in the regions of the spiracles, and four in nUmber on either side of the body; this marginal fringe ends at the caudal end of the anal incision about 815 mmm. from the anterior end of the anal : ot.ific8" ~· and about 550 mmm. from the caudal extremity of the anal plates; spines in the position Of the spiracular spines arranged as follows: a series of long ~arginal spines, then one short one, then a long one, then another short one, ani then a series of long marginal spines; the spines are from 25 mmm. to 35 mnml. apart, generally the ' greater distance; anal plates broad and triangular in form, but somewhat irregular ~n the margins; the inner side about 200 ~nm. long, and irregular in outline; cephalo-lateral mar-gin from 130 to 175 mmm. long; caudo-lateral margin rounded and about 175 m.rnm. long; chocolate brown in color; the combined W11th of the plates is about 265 mmm.; each anal plate with . tour fringe setae, one discal seta, three sub-apical setae and five apical setae; anal ring with gland pores as in the genera Orthezia, Phenacoccus, Pseudococcus, etc. ~arks: This interesting species was collected on Ulmus spp. t.ear Lic Baine, llissouri, and due to its close external resem-blance to certain species of Lecaniu~, the insect was not dis-CO~ered until slide-mounts had been made; therefore no exter-.i _ .... nal description of this species can be made, unless, in the future, some more specimens are located. The writer places this species in the genus Exe.eretopus Newst. · due to the IHCt that it has the tarsi of the prothoracic legs two segmented. Genus Icerya Sign. This genus was established in 1875 by Signoret with 1. seychellarum (Westw.) as the type. It is an exotic genus, but one species is common in California and occasionally is found on llI!1ported plants in greenhouses "thruout this country. The generic characters of this genus are: !dul t female: "i i thou t mouth-parts; forming a long ovisac Under the caudal end of the body, similar to PulvinariH Targ.; antennae eleven segmented. The onl~T species known to occur in Hissouri has the following synoptic characters: A ••••• Dark orange-red, brown, or yellowish-brown; legs black-ish; ovisac yellowish-white, ribbed, and about 8 mm. long •••••••••••••••• Icerya purchasi Mask. Icerya purchasi Maskell. This species was first described by Haskell in 1878, and has long been the object of much interest in the citrus ~egions of California. It reproduces so rapidly that unless it is checked, the host becomes thoroughly infested, and may be killed or at least seriously weakened. It is native to Australia, but has been reported from many countries, among which are: South Africa, Australia, The known distribution of Missouri Coccidae.-Albert Harold Hollillger. Ioerya purchasi Maskell. " (' wi ), ~ Fiji Islands, Mexico, Portugal, Sandwich Islands, Trinidad and the United States_ It undoubtedly occurs elsewhere. It attacks many plants, among which are: Acacia spp., alfalfa, flowering almond, apple, apricot, castor bean, AUstralian blackwood, boxwood, broom, cedar of Lebanon, Chrysanthemum, · citron, cyprus, fig, geranium, goldenrod, grape, grape-fruit, Bermuda grass, sweet gum, hackberry, ironweed, knot weed, lamb's quartezs, laurel, lemmon, locust, magnolia, nettle, night-.shade, holly o&k"laurel oak, white oak, orange, trifoliate orange, peach, pear, pecan, pepper, Pigweed, pine, Pittosporum spp_, pOinsettia, pomegranate, potato, purslane, qUince, ragweed, rose, spearmint, sunflower, 'Verbena, Engl-ish we..lnut,willo\v and Laburnum spp • ... ""' The natural ememies that attack it are classed as Predacious and parasitic. Those that feed directly on the insect are: Hippodamia ambigua, Novius cardinalis, and!. ~ebelei, three lady-bird beetles, and Chrysopa spp. Of its , Parasitic enemies, those reported are: CoccophaguB californi-. ~ llow., CrY1?tocha~ iceryae (Will.), Encrytus dubius Ho\v •• : ~elosia crawford~, and Thoron ouacus How. , This species has been sub-divided into two varieties, ~.. d:u.e to the difference in color, the darker form be ing the : > Ol'iginal species, or the species 1. purchasi llask. (sensus ~ , .. ~ . • trictus), but which Cockerell ne-TIled r. purchasi maslcelli Okll. ".' :. ~ ~he lighter form was called I. purchasi crawii O:icll. Un-~' dOUbtedlY both belong to the s~me species. The technical description is as follows: Adult female: Light pinkish or yellowish-red to "slate-gray or ;dark purplish-gray, with a margin of dull orange, and with tufts of sho~t black bristles; ovoid or nearly circular in outline; 4 mm. to 6 mm. long; ovisac ribbe4 or fluted longi-tUdinally, yellowish white, and with the adult measures from seven to twelve mm. in length; derm with many wax ducts having Circular openings; with ma~y short hairs; antennae eleven segmented; legs moderately well developed, with the tarsi about two-thirds the length o~ the tibia. Genus Kermes Boitard. This genus was established in 1828 hy Boitard, with K. -robaris (Fourc.) as the type. Species of this genus have ,. been known for ages, a valuable dye having been made from their dead bodied. See page b .) This genus has also been CalledChermes by some authors. The generic caharcters of Kermes Boitard are as fol-lows: ~ult female: ~ore or less globular, resembling Cynipid galls to Some extent; anal lobes absent; antennae ntdimentary. ~~: Resembling those of other genera in this sub-family. lau~: Res'embling those of some of the other Dactylopinae. Those species definitely known to occur in this State may be separated by the following synoptic key: A ••••• Adult female conically convex; marked with distinct. transverse. reddish-brown bands •••••••••••••• ••••• •••••••••••••••••••• Kermes andrei King. aa •... Adult female globularly convex; ochreous; TIith small black spots and minute blac~ specks; pale transverse bal1ds parallel to the rows of black spots ••••••••• •••••••••••••••••••• Kermes galliformis Riley. The known distribution of Missouri Coccidae.-rllbert Harold Hollinger. Kermes andrei King. r ~~ andre i King. ~ing described this species in 1900 from Lawrence, llassachusetts, on both red and white oaks. It was £'ssociated with R. galliformis and occurred singly. It resembles the .European K. gibbosus Sign. to some eA-tent, and also K. pettiti .Ehrh. The lat t er species, hO':,'ever, is redder a.nd the dark color occurs in blotches or spots rather than in rO','IS or bands. The technical description is as follo1;7s: . .!.dU.1 t female: Conically convex., with well rounded apex; :3 rum. to 5 n~. high; 4 rom. long; :3 mm. broad; its shape, however, depends on its position on the ·twig; surface moderately shiny; light brown; with three very"distinct reddish-brown bands, and Sometimes a fourth and fifth rather indistinct, broken bslld com-posed of small, reddish-bro\Vl1 spots which do now coalesce to for~ a distinct bend; with several dark, reddish-bro\Von spots, irregular)y located; segmentation obscure; in the region of the anal opening a distinct, medial, caudal keil-shaped pro~i-nence; no microscopic examination of this species was made by the writer, so the following data are ad.apted from the origi-nal description:" .. ,hen boiled in KOII the derm becomes color-less; rostral loop dark yellow, stout, and not very long; no antennae or legs ,observed." l,Quns:: tt which were found in the body of the female yellow; elongate oval; . :360 mmm. long and 160 mmm. broad; antennae six segmented; three and six sub-equal and the longest; one next, then two and five sub~equal; four the s80rtest; formula: (36)1(25)4; antennal segments, in succession from the basal 30 int, with measurements as follows: 20, 16, 24, 12. 16, 24; Segments four, five and six have a few short hairs; lees Short and stout; trochenter plus the femur 76 mmm. long; tibia and tarsus 6ac~ 68 mmm. long; tarsal digitules long, slender ~obbed hairs; digitu1es of claws extending slightly beyond the claw; caudal tubercles quite large, wach bearing one long stout spine, 120 mmm. long, and three stout spines, 28 m~. long; marginal spines pointing backward, and about the se.."lle . B1Ke as those of the caudal lobes; rostral loop teaching be-~ond the last pair of legs;" ~"Ova.l; 320 mmm. long aIld 240 mmm. wide." The known distribution of Missouri Coccidae.-Albert Harold H ollinger. Kermes galliformis Riley. I Kermes galliformis Riley. Riley described this species in 1881, from ma.terial collected at Iron l Iountain, ltissouri. It has occ asionally bee n reported from other parts of this country, but undoubted-ly many of its records embraoe species closely resembling it in general external appearance. It is knoivn from: Alabama, California, Colorado, Connecticut, District of Columbia, Florida, Indiana, Iowa, Louisiana, :Jassachusetts, New Jersey, IJew liIexico, New York, and Ohio. It has been reported from several species of oak. It is often atta.cked by parasites, of which the fOllowing species have been recorded: Encrytus sPp., Chll-2neurus albicorn~a, and Aenasioidea kermicola Timbl. The fOllowing insects are predacious upon it: E~ochomus tripustu-!§tu~, and the lepidopterous larva Euclemensia bassett~. The following species of ants have been found aSSociated with it: Formica subsericaa Say, F. obscuripes :E'or., Camponotus pennsylvanica Deg., CremsEltogaster lineoleta Say, and LassiuE americanus Em. One adult Kermes galliformis ailey was found by King at Andover, llassachusetts, under a stone in the nest of the first mentioned ant. The technical description of this species is as tOllows: ~l t female: "A large dirty gray form which turns to a ~~arly white color when exposed a season on the twigs; about mm. long and 7 mm. broad; 6 mm. high; with black spots, and When viewed. with a hand lens, the body is seen to be ~O'V'ered with ninute black specks". (31 ) 1 -;~Newly hatched young a dirty gray color. 2 (; U Genus Leceniodiaspis Targ. Thils genus W8.S ez:tablished in 1869 by Targona-Tozzetti, and the type species is L. sardoa Targ. Signoret mentioned this genus as Lecanodiaspis t but subsequent writers have corrected this spelling, in accordance with its deriva-tion from the name Lecanium Burm. It has a synonym in the name Frosophora Dougl., ~d the genus Birchippia Green may also be synonomous with Lecaniodiaspis Targ. The characters of this genus are: !dult female: ~ith mouth-parts present; spiracles absent on the abdomen; encloted in a waxy or leathery test-; anal ring fringed with hairs; extremity of abdomed without triangular, dorsal plates; legs absent; antem1ae variable, from iour to nine segmented; body with dumb-bell-shaped or figure-oi-eight glands;spiracular spines blunt; five pairs of cribiform plates or perforated discs situated on the dorsum; a chitin-Ous arch above, but apparently below the anal ring; a dense, Chitinous, quadrangular paate on the inner margin of each anal lobe, the two plates becoming confluent above the anal Cleft; margin of test arising from the berk. Only one , species of this genus is known to occur 1n Mi ssouri. It has ·the following synoptic characters: A ••••• Adult female epodous; antennae well developed, and nine segmented; abdomen VIi th five pairs of yellmllf t Circular, cribiform plates; spiracular spines broad :-e,nd clavate; derm with numerous, rod-shaped ducts and "V"-shaped bodies ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •••••••••••••••••••• teQaD1041aip'8.p~1nQa& (Hunter) 270 Lecaniodiaspis Eruinosa (Hunter) on bark of Aesculus glabra, showing immature female and numerous male tests. The known distribution of Missouri Coccidae.-Albert Harold Hollil/ger. Lecaniodiaspis pruinosa (Hunter) I HENRV BATES SA.I'tTON DI\OE JASPER LAW NEWTON 8"RRY Mi nON. Lecaniodias;pis pruinosa (Hunter). Lecaniodiasnis celtidis,pru.inosa Hu.nter. (1899) Lecaniodiaspis pru.inosa Ckll. in litt. (1902) This species was described b;y Hunter in 1899, and to the knowledge of the writer, it has not been further re-Corded or further described. It was reported from elm. end was described from Kansas. In correspondence. Cockerell states that this species is undoubtedly the one that is com-mon thruout the northern part of the United states. but no further records were gives as to its distribution. Cor-respondence with Hunter reveals the fac~ that this species has been collected in Kansas on eleven different host plants. but Hunter did not mention the names of any of them. The ~iter has found this species in llissouri on those host ~le..nts listed on :page ~ q I • and all with exception of elm are ne,v records. This species is very often attacked in large num" bars by certain Hymenoptera, and the writer has observed 1listances whene trees had been once severely encrusted with " ,.:~h1s species but on which scarsely a live coccid Vias to be :!.OUnd. due to the completeness of parasitic attaclc. Hunter's original description (30) leads onB to infer that the adult female has only eight-~egmented antennD.e, ;1n c.orrespondence with him he states: "while !!lost of , our " ~~a:peCimens here have eight segmented antennae. yet many are ~ .. ~. ~~1ne segmented. and some even seven segmented. 11 and "specimens tOn one slide show antennae with seven. eight and nine seg-.-ments." The writer h>3,S also noted s.!?ecirnens cif tllis species wi th t[).e various seg:'l821ted antemlO.e, bU.t in "tIl case s the seXl_lally mature aaul t female hael nine segments, while the nearly mature female hE:a antennae vd th only eight segments, anel still ycunger females hael seven seesI!lenteel 13,r..teh.l'J.ae. The conclusions the \'!riter arrives at are that Eunter described the species from. an i!:'l..J:15.ture form, Emd thEt his description of the so-called adult is not correct for the true adult f9!!1f.le beCs.tl':!e ths true ednl t eliffers in several ':JaYs from the i:'li:'ature stf_ge. COY1seque~tl:T, the following descri:;.:tion of the true adult female should bA copsiBered as the original in }!lace of the short d.escri1?tiol1 Eunter· r~laae for the irnmature T1).e tecf'Jlicel descrir,tion of all stages of this SPeCies is as follows: ~~s: Russet-bro\vn; oval-elliptical; ~ointea at one end; fOund. in large nu::nbers undel' the leather~ or waY..y tests on the fifteenth of Septembet, 1916; laid beneath the DOely of the feI!'.9~le, and entirely enclosed in tht~ test; about 440 P.l'l1Ill. long and 315 [;L":1!:l. in dianeter; xylol turns them fro ';1 broVln to Breenish yellowi winter over as eg~s. ~e test; 1.5 !Y'..!:l. long e.nd 1. El.."D.. or slichtl~T le~:ls ir.. width; ~ellov:ish;"l)ro\lm; unicarinate; seg;·l1ente.tio~ distL!lCt; I)Osterior third of the dorsum fitted witb a circular flap-shaped liel fOr the easy e~ereence of the adult male. ~l t !!!ale: purplish abc1or:len; legs anel antennae brownish; '\I'entral thorax [l.nd :penis bro1.'mish; hal t9res translucent; ':; head purplish; "vings "hi tish and appe.rentl~r tessellated; antennae ten segT.lented; antennal formulae variable as follo'.'IS: i53( 67) 10,2891 , ,:537 (6 10) 8291; antennal cra,h chr.:.Tt'!.Ctcris-ie. ~nR; fe!!1ale: ReCidish-brovm 1,7i th a frostecl medio,n c[',rina; dorau,!!:. slieht1y conc~we to flattish, vd th the lateral l!largins Ellevated to about the S€t."':le hieht as tho merJisn carina; seg-lllehtation plainly seen on dorsum; enal orifice o~ dorsum at the cE~uJ'cal end; a narrOY1, v!hi te, ws.:y:::/ s!' .. Vf[ extena.~nc; from. th~ . ~al oryening; latera.l margins borderec1" wni tisl!: or crear:y-whJ. te l'Ia:r;T c~la.f',tion w1:.ich so~etiDes assu:::.0S a filar;Jentous or hairy .. Legend for figures of Lecaniodiaspis pruinoS! (Hunter) on right-hand page. A •••• Antenna of adult male. B •••• Antenna of adult female. C •••• Derm in region of posterior spiracle showing clavate spiraculnr spine, wax powder pores, rod-shaped and "V"-shaped body glands. D •••• Anal region showing cribiform plates, anal ring, an~!a plates, anal cleft, wax powder pores, "V"-shSP and rod-shaped body glands, and setae. E •••• Anterior spiracle. F •••• r6sterior spiracle. H •••• Cribiform plate, shOwing the sieve-like constructiOn' I •••• Adul t female, showing general position of antennae, o\fde' spiracles, spiracular spines, spiracular wfJ$. i pores, mouth parts, cribiform plates, and ana region. • Tests of mature females of ~ecaniodiaspis pruinosa (Hunter) in situ. H Antennal curves of mature and nearly mature females. (See legends on left-hand page .) nature; when boiled in ten per-cent KOR, the body contents turn bright purple; with tr&nsmitted light a clea.r wine-color , is produc9d; when removed from the bark, a rim of white, waxy fila~ents remain to mark the former location of the insect; ventral surfa.ce a deep-brown. ' Nearlt1mature female: Orange-brown; with powdery-white exu-dation do\vn the dorsum and along the articulation of the segments~ antennal for!nulae:34(12568)7, 4(35)1(26)78, 43516287, 53(46)1(278), 5(34)(126)87. , ·- .· - ' i:est 0 f Adul t female;,. 3 mIIi • . t .o3. 5 mm.tria, and 4 run. long; let to quite convex, depending on the see, being flatter and broader when nearly full grovm than when fully mature; color of test ranging from snow-white thru grayish, and from OChreous and yellow-brown thru chocolate br01m to blackish broi7ll, depending upon certain conditions; several of the Colors fou.nd on the sarae tree and even on the same branch" test over living females with a noticable prominent mediM carina, and with nine transverse ridges sloping to t11e I!largins, these ridges corresponding to the body segments; margins of test generally slightly scalloped, with the bottom of the scallop corresponding with the middle of the segmen~, and the ends of the scallo~s at the articulation of the segments; these scallops not- noticable in old, weathered Specimens .. , nor are the transverse ridges apparent; margins Of test arising from the surface of the bark, and not notic~ ably elevated as in Solenococcus parrotti (Hunter.) Mul t female: about 3 mm. long and 2 mm. wide; ovai-ellipti-.ca1; derm thickly beset with rod-shaped. glands and with "Vn_ Shaped gland pores; also with numerous circular pores in .. the anal region; about 100 wax powder pores on each side of the bOdy extending from the spiracles laterad; antennae distinct-ly nine ' segn~ented; anteruial formulae variable as follows: 5132(67)98, 4(13)726(58)9, 4(35)(127)(689), 453(17)2(68)9 43(27)16(89), 4(35)126789, (415)362789, 3417(25)689.3412~(7$)96, 34( 25) 6 C 17) 98; antennal curve as in figure; lORdS absent; - ' ~ SPiracles more or less curvea ana with a bean-shaped 4isc; five pairs of cdrcula,r, cribiform plates along the dorsum of the abdomen; marsine"l S'oines absent; spiracuJ.ar snines rather 'Bhort, Clavate, and with slightly curved apices, and arra.nged as follows: a 'Dair on either marlin laterad of the anterior ~iracle; a. s~ngle one cephalo-laterad of the posterior spira-Ole and another caudo-laterad of the nosterior spiracle; ~ :lobes but slightly :produced, each bearing one hair about as :long as those of the anal ring or the length of tile anal plate. and about five other short hairs; ~ ring with te~ hairs; . ,anal p1l.te !lore or less triangular in form b!lt cont~nuous on ;their cephalic margin by a narrow bridge or oand; with two iqU.ite stout spines on the caudo-median line and a smaller one ~ear the inner edge· also three minute setae ne ar the cephalo-~ lateral angle. t ~ ~markB: ~ost abundant upon buckeye. See page3Qlfor a complete ~~ist of host plants. 27;) Genus Lecanium BUrmei'ster ' !:uch controversy he.s resulted over the relative standing of ~he generic namas Lecanium Burmeister and Eule-canium Ckll·. Fernald uses the Ia:blher name thruout her re-port (/J..'{), but subsequent. wfiters ha.ve used"J the more common .'" , . . :.;,> :!~ ;. ~,~' .): name :CecaniuPl Burmeister in re~erring to known species or in :n describing new ones. Sanders say's- (1ft;) that he retained "the name Lecanium for some of those s1i>'ecies which have been class-.. . ' . ' ified under Euleca~ium Ckll •• because it is i~~ossible to eliminate I·ece.nium Burmeister from coccid nomenclature. At least one species of the se~era.l included by Burmeister under ....: ~. his genus in the original description in Handbuch der Entomol-,ogie, II Band. p. 69 t (1835). must be retained as the type. All of the species which Burmeiste~ really pIeced under his genus have been removed to other genera. except L. persicae (Fab.), which should be considered as the type. Eulecanium Ckll. becomes a synonym of Lecanium Burmeister. V.'hile there are several distinct species of this genus known to occur in Missouri, all of them could not be 'properl~T worked up, because of lack of literature and time. Rowever. one economic species will be discussed. so that this 'genus will be represente~ in this systematic and economic . ~eport. The synoptic characters of L. nigrofasciatum Perg. are as folloW's: :A. •• ••• Mouth parts present in the adult female; abdominal spiracles absent; naked; anal rine with six hairs; abdominal extremity cleft; with dorsal triangular 27Ji '~ , , Lecaniwn spp. Lecanium spp. non det. on stems of Ambrosia trifida. ~anium spp. non det. on oak. Lecanium spp. non det. on elm. anal plates; legs normally developed; dorsum with a row of from nineteen to thirty tubercles extending . '~ .. 'cephalad from the anal plates; median ~iracular •. spines more than twice as long as the outer ones •••• •••••••••••••••••••• Lecanium nigrofasciatu~ 2erg. Lecanium nigrofasciatum ~erg. This indigenous coccid was first found at Hills-boro, Missouri, in 1872, on peach trees, . by Fergande, but it was not desctibed by him until 1898, when he gave an account of it in Bulletin # 18, United states Department of Agricul-ture, Division of Entomology, page # 26. His conclusioa as to the original home of this scale insect is that it origina-ted south of New York and north of the Potomac River. It was much confused with the European species L. persicae (Fab.) up to 1898 because of its frequent occurrence on peach trees in this country. L. peraicae (Fab.) is rare in this country, haVing been recorded only f~om California, while the terrapin Scale, as L. nigrofasciatum is commonly called, is quite com-~on in most of the states east of the Mississippi River. The exact distribution of L. nigrofasciatum Perg. es far as records show i8 : Arkansas, Louisiana, Ontario, Canada, Minnesota, Texas, and every state east of the Missis-Sippi River. At present we know of this pest attacking a large n~ber of plants, including m~~ orchard trees: Acer rubrum. A. saccharinum, A. saccharum, apple, Benzoin benzoin, birch. 278 blueberry, Bumeliaspp., wild ~he~ry, Crateagus spp., linden, olive, peach t l)e~tr, Platanus occidentalis, P. orienyalis, plum, wild plum, .Carolina poplar, Prunus simonii, quince, willow, The terrapin scale is attacked by a number of nat-ural enemies, the most important of which ere minute Hymen-optera, of which the following 8pecies are recorded: Qh.!1-~neurus albicornis, Coccophagus lecanii Fitch, Aphycus ~.Q.chosus Gir., A. cognatus HOlv., A. johnsoni, A. californicus, Ana,o;:Trus nubliuennis Gir., Coccophagu8 oinguliventris Gir., and C. 10ngifacius How. Enoyrtus spp. has a180 been reared from L. nigrofasciatum material. It is preyed upon by oertain lady-bird beetles, espeoially Chilocorus bivulnerus. A fungus disease is reported as sometimes attacking it, and which is .. Closely related to, if not identical with Cordyceps clavulata. I This coccid may be recognised and identified eepeci-ally well in the hibernating winter stage, for at that time, the insects ere conspicuously clustered on the twigs and branches of the host, and are hemispherical in shape and mottled with red over a ground color of blackish. It is onl¥ partially mature at this time, and in the early spring they increase in size and along in late May oviposition takes place. ~he young begin hatching in about one month, and remain active for several days, finally s4ttling on the leaves along the main veins of either the lower or upper s~rface. The develop-.lllent of this species is slow and not always uniform, for Smith· ~ in NeVI Jersey observed all stages from the egg to the well ;deve lojed sets and male pupae on the same tree, and as there \ 27f1 Lecanium nigrofawciatum Perg. Fig. 7 Anal plates. Fig. 8 Marginal and spiracular spines. .\~l/ \~~~. I __ m (after w.nro, 53). Fig. 9 Antenna. ~----------------~ Antennal curves of adult females. (original) Adult females on tWig. (after Sanders, 67) The known distribution of Missouri Coccidae.-Afbert Harold Hollillger. Lecanium nigrofasciatum Pergande r '~ ,II \ ; is ' only one generation of this pest a year, the irregularity '\ '. , ' ~ ,, :, . , of this pest is ~parent. About two months from the egg, the insects are sexually mature and the winged males impregnate the females which desert the leaves and settle on the stems and twigs in position for hibernation. When the scales are abundant on twigs and shoots of ~he trees, they materially impair the growth of the infested parts in early spring. The fruit does not set well, and the drop is heavy. After oviposition, the drain shifts from the tWigs to the: 'leaves , which turn yellow and frequently drop prematurely. The worst feature is the honey dew that is pro-dUced. This chokes up the stomata of the leaves and twigs ~d results in poor growth, and it also smuts up the fruit of peach, plum, etc., so that occasionally the crop is almost UUsaleab1e. In this state, the writer has never found the ter-rapi# scale to be 80 severe, but under correct climatic con-,d1 tions and freedom from parasitic attacks tit might be as bad as anywhere in the east. It has, however, been reported by ~BS Mnrtflidt as being very injurious in Jasper, Jefferson ;ana Saint Louis Counties in Missouri. From her notes she ,81ves the life history of this coccid in this state as follows: ","" l,!1 the twentieth of May the eggs were tully formed and each ' .. \'bOd1 was crowded with them. Hatching began June tenth, and (O:ontinued for over a month, being completed by Ju.1y fifteenth. :\ "0 t~e winged male. appeared o~ the twenty-eec&nd of ~lYt the ~:A'" :~'U.pal period being about one week. August tenth h,mdreds of , ~ l!~nged scales, live pupae and active young were still alive on 28J the leaves. The life of the male is about one week long. By \ the fifth of Sept4mber when the scales were about one-half grown, they fastened themselves to the bark of some healthy vigorous twigs or branches [.nd remained there over winter and spring, when egg ;laying again takes place. The technical descriptionnis as follows: 282 !4ult femalet About 3 rom. long and 2.5 mm. wide; broadly oval with well rounded extremities; more or less hemispherical; . varying from reddish to almost blaclc; a median stripe of lighter color and more or less dotted; antennae six segmented, the third the longest; antennal for~ulae variable as follows: 3621(45), 362145, 362154, 325145, 3(62)1(45); antennal curves sho\m by diagram; legs rather small; coxa about as long as the femur; trochanter about one-third the length pf the femur; tarsus but slightly shorter than the tibia, which is about equal to the femul'; on the dorsum extending cephalad from the anal plates an irregular row of from nineteesto thirty lOW, more or less conical tubercles; marginal setae short and awl-shaped; median spiracular spine more than twice the leng1;h of the outer ones; anal nlates together about as broad as long; each one about three-fifths as wide as long; cephalo-Iateral margin about equal to the caudo-lateral margin; lateral e~tremity and apex rather angular; fringe setae in two groups of two, the outer ones about twice the length of the inner ones; two sub-apical setae and three fringe on each plate. Genus Orthezia Bosc. This genus was established in 1784 by Bose d'Antic in honor of· the Abbe d'Orthez. The abbe soon after became known as Dorthes and the name was ch~~ged to Dorthesia. However, its original name.was restored in 1843, due to the rUles of zoolog~cal nomenclature. The generic characters of the adult female of this genus are as follows: Antennae normal1;,r eight segmented, but ~ maenariensis Dougl. has nine segments; tarsal claw without d1gitules; anal ring with six long hairs; spiracles present on each abdominal segment; body more or l~ss covered with wary lamellae; those at the caudal end forming a distinct sac or lllarsupium in which the eggs are carried until they hatch; active thruout their lives. The two species known to occur in this state may be separated by the following synoptic key: A ••••• Body dark green; part of the body devoid of waxy lamellae •••••••••••••••••••• Orthezia insignis Dougl. ll •••• Body dark brown; entirely covered '''lith numerous white, waxy lamellae ••••••• Ortheziasolidaginis Sanders • . Orthezia ins ignis Dougl. Qrthezia ' insignis Dougl.(l887) Qrthezia nacrea Buck. (1894) This species is native in tropical America and in ,. China. >In 1887 Douglas first described it unaer its present name. The first record of its occurrence in America was giVen by McIntyre who reported it from British Guiana. It < haa since been the subject of many publications. This greenhouse pest has been reported from: South Atrica. Brazil, Briti.sh Guiana. Ceylon, China, England where 1t was first fiund and from which the original description Was made, Jamaica, Mauritius, Mexico, Trinidad, Peru and in 'this country from: California, Indiana, Massachusttts, New ilork, Ohio and Pennsylvania. It undoubtedly occurs thruout .' :hiS country in greenhouses. and the writer has studied spec-1mens found in l1ichigan. , ~I \ The food plants of this pest are:Abutilion spp •• ,:l8eratum spp., Aloysia spp., Alternanthera, Bignonia sPP •• ::~aznellia spp., Celosia spp., chrysantheIIIllI!l, c1 tron, cestrium. 283 Legend for figures of Orthezia insignis Dougl. on right-hand page. 1 ••.• Adult fe~ale. dorsal view. 2 •••• Adult female ventral view. 3 •••• Antenna of adult female. 4 •••• Trothoracic leg of adult female. 5 •••• Front view of beak. 6 •••• Nyrnph after the second moult. (N • .I3. Figures after Lounsbury. 7). (See legend on left-hand page.) The known distribution of Missouri Coccidae.-Albert Harold Holfinger. Orthezia insignis Douglas 2k 'l Coleus spp., Cuphea spp., Duranta plumeri, Er~~themum spp., Fuschia spp., Gardenia spp., grape fruit, Eeliotropium spp., Ipomea spp., ironweed, Ixora spp., Hrunelia patens, Jacaranda punctata, Justica spp., Lantana spp., lemon, Ligustrum Japon-icum, Libonia spp., Malvaviscus spp., mint, moonflower, l~osotis spp., orange, oxalis, Pelargonum, pepper, Peristophe 2ro SPP·, petunia, pigweed, Piles. spp., sage, Ru.ellia spp., Solanum tuberosum, strawberry, Strobilanthus, tea, Thunbergia erecta, tomato, verbena, Vinca spp. ,white violet and yarrow. No parasites of this species have ever been reported so far as the writer is able to learn. Its technical description is adapted from (7) and from (119) with a few additional data by the writer: Adult male: Slightly over 1 rom. long; body slender; dusky in Color; head smaller than the thorax; eyes large and prominent; Ocelli two, situated in front of and between the basal joints of the antennae where , the mouth parts should be; also appar-ently two ocelli outside of ~nd in advance of the eyes; anten-nae long, ten segmented, somewhat moniliform and yellowish-, brown; first joint as broad as long; second segment obovate, and much broadet than the succeeding segments; third the long-est; the tenth the next longest; all the rest of the segments SUb-equal; thorax large, re.ised ruld rounded in front," the disc 'tIith a large, wide, deep depression; scutellum with a large, -ide, median hollow"J legs pale brown with long,scattering, dark hairs; coxa stout; separated from the femur by two dis-tinct jOints, the first quadrate and the second triangular; tibia slightly longer than the femur; tarsus one-third the length of the femur or the tibia; claw stou~ and spine-like; l'iings two in number, ovoid, transparent, with en expanse of 2.6 mm.; veins two and not very distinct, but united at their bases; three stout spines on the principal vein between the .base of the wing and the point of furcation of the veins; halteres slightly fuSiform, each with a long bristle termina-ting in a single hook which fits iato a pocket-like place in the base of·the wingsJ abdomen slender and about as long as the head and the thorax together, and bearing a few shott hairs on each segment; margins of the segments bluntly dentate; ~enetalia prominent and projecting from the ventral side of the last segment; a , snowy-white filament projecting from either side of the ultimate segment; each filament composed Of two long e.nd one very short halrs. ,Adult female: about 1.5 mm. long and 1.2 mm. wide, exclusive of the lamellae; body broadly oval, but oblong with the waxy lamellae and marsupium; varying in color from an ochreous mottled with dark dull green to almost uniform dark bottle-green; ventral surface darker and more uniform; beak seldon visible f.6Qm above; antennae as long as the coxa, femur and tibia of the fore-legi inserted between and slightly in ad-vance of the simple, prominent, projecting eues; normally 28(j eight segmented; fulvous with the exception of the last one which is black; antennal formulae as follows: 83154276, and 8312(54)67; the eighth segment tipped with a stout spine and several setae; legs light yellowish-brown with the tarsi darker; ~coxa stout; femur and tibia of about the same length; tarsus about three-fifths the length of the tibia; fore-legs some-What shorter than the median or the posterioiJ pair; the body Surface is only partially concealed wa~J lamellae or plates as shown in figure; marsupium varies from 3 mm. to 5 mm. in length, nearly straight or curved upward, the margins con-Verging to a truncate exjremi ty; upper surface marlced with longitudinal lines. ~b OVoid; pale brownish yellow; surrounded by fine waxen threads in the marsupium; vary from 125 to 175 in number. Orthezia solidaginis Sanders This Orthezia was described by Sanders from Ohio in 1904, the first ~escription being written in the Ohio laturalist, and the second and last, to the knowledge of the lrl-1ter,appeared in Special paper # 8. Vol. I 4, Part II. of the' Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science. Sanders"~ account would lead one to suspect that it is quite rare in :Oh10, only five adult: females having been found, while mention 1s made of immature females. but the abundanoe of the same is ;?lot mentioned. ~:\ '~ The writer first found only about one dozen imma-.~ t~e hibernating females in the fall of 1915. under debris ~\ . :;lnd crawling on the bark of certain tree s, and also on some ~~'ede of the Composite family. During the middle of July Adult female and her brood of young enlarged about four times. Adult female greatly enlarged. Adult fomale Orthezia solidaginis Sand. The known distribution of Missouri Coccidae.-Albcrt Harold Hollillger. Orthezia solidaginis Sanders I HENRV' BATES eA.RTON DA.DE JASPE.R L'W NEWTON S"RRY Mi nON. 1916, the adults were found in several different localities around Columbia, llissouri, and were very abundant. Each female is quite prolific, bearing numerous young. The colo-nies were,in the majority of cases, attended by common black ants of this region, which watched over the members of each Colony with much aggressiveness, attempting to bite when the infested leaves and twigs were plucked, or when the Orthezia were disturbed. They were generally located on the lower .- sur'faces of two or three of the sub-terminal leaves of the host plants, or on the stems, but occasionally some would be found on the upper surfaces of leaves \'1hich were more or less sheltered from the diredt rays of the sun. The host plants of this insect whioh have · so far been published ar recorded are species of Solidago or golden-rod. The writer has found it on those plants listed on page I ~qq-S, and those marked with an asterisk (*) indicate new host rec·ords. This insect received its specifio name from its first recorded host plant, but the writer's list of food-.Plants indicates strongly that in this region at least, its main food is not Solidago spp., and hence its specific naae is not ap~ly applied. There have been observed no parasitic insects of this species, but 8ertain undetermined species olf Coccin~llid larvae and Ch7ysopa lervae have been observed feeding on it in the field, and these undoubtedly do much toward reducing its numbers. There is but one generation each year, the im-mature impregnated females hibernating over winter in the above-~entioned places. 2 (.\1 ., -or') Legend for figures of Orthezia solidaginis Sanders on right-hand page. B •••• Ventral view of over-wintering female. c •••• Dors ~J..l view of over-wintering female. D •••• Dorsal derm near the middle of the body. E •••• Wax powder pore greatly enlarged. F •••• Antenna of adult female. H •••• Antenna of young, greatly enlarged. re l' C •••• Antenna of over-wintering female, enlarged as in figu I •••• Prothoracic leg of mature fe~ale. L •••• 1.1esothoro.cic leg of mature female. 1i •••• Metathoracic leg of mature female. S •••• Antennal curves of adult female antennae. D /~ @ . / /' f~ I / / '" Orthezia solidaginis Sanders. (See legends on left-hand page .) ~ ~ ~ 's*," .~ o~ ® ~~ . @ ~ ~ ® ==?~ <> f) - ----<) • • The technical description of Orthezia. solidaginis Sanders follows: !oung: About 1.5 mm. long; covered with heavy, waxy la~ellae, about as shown in figure. Hibernating stage of the immature female: From 2.2 mm. to ~.mm long; 1.5 mm.to2!Il11l. wide; more or less rectangular in Shape; with a somewhat broally pOinted cephalic end and an , "Mu-shaped caudal end; completely covered bchth dorsally and Ventrally with exception of the legs, antennae ~~d mouth-parts, by rather heavy, white, waxy lamellae, arranged ~,S in figure; lamellae on dorsum heavier than those on the ventrum; anten-nae seven se~mented; light chocolate-brown, tipped with black; legs light chocolate brown; mouth-parts sitUated between the two anterior coxs.e and cone shaped; with a number of short hairs in two circles near the apex. ~Ult female: From 4.5 ~~. to 6 nrrn. long, inclusive o~ the lIlarsupium; 1.8 mm. to 2.5 mm. wide; rather oblong in general shalle with the cephalic margins tapering somt'JWhat, and trun-Cate acro~s the caudal end of the marsupium; body, with ex-Ception of the legs, antennae, and mouth-parts, completely cOVered with white, waxy lamellae of various shapes, as in figure; marsupium plain below, but ribbed above; slightly eleVated posteriorly; body blackish broi~; derm conspicuously stUdded with conical spines and circular wax:glands, each with .four small openings, as in figure; antennae normally eight segmented; antennal formulae variable as follows: 83145627, (e3)154627~,38154267, 381456(27), 31(15'4(67)2, 83(14)5627; !!!.tennal curves as in aiagrs.m; legs long, slender , and rather strongly armed with spines; the coxa rather globular 8nd about one-half as long as the t2rsi; the trochanter obscure with only the distal margin armed v!i th e. row of spines; about one-third the length.pf the coxa; femur and tibia sub-equal, b_t the . . femur abouyone and one-half times as wide as the tibia; tarsi ;e.bout one-half the length of the tibia; spiracles rather large ' and with more or less tooth-like uro~ections around the mar-tin of the cup-shaped top; anal r'dng with six hairs. GenUA Phenacoccus Okll. This genus formed a part of the genus Pseudococcus leatw. for a long time. Cockerell, in 1893, established the ~ ~ . ~ Present genus on the basis of the normally nine seg~ented t .' ~antennae and the toothed tarsal claws. ~he type species 1s 2f){) Phenacoccus celtisifoliae species novo Cerarus of last or ultimate segment. Cerarus of pen-ultimate segment. Second head cerarus. The known distribution of Missouri Coccidae.-Albert Harold Hollinger. Phenacoccus celtisifoliae sp. n. I , P. acericola (King). The gen'eric cha.racters of this genus a.re~ Ad,ul t female: IvIou th pa:bts -oresent·, abdominal suiracles absent· ., .. .6,; • naleed or covered with mealy secretion; anal ring fringed with six hairs; abdominal extremity not cleft and without dorsal, triangu1e.r. anal plates; legs present; antennae norr.!a.lly with nine segoents; the tarsal claws somewhat toothed. or with a double pOint. The species of this genus occurring in Missouri may be separated bj the following synoptic key: A ••••• Cerarical spines short and spear-head sheped and numer-ous; color of female deep maroon; Orthezia-like wary lamellae surrounding bE-sal margin of th.e body •••••••••••••••••••• Phenacoccus regnillohi sp. novo. AA •••• Cerarical spines not spear-head shaped. but slenler •••• B ••••• Anal lobe with two large, elongate, cylindrical ducts each opening thru an elevated 'pro'!linence; tw'o cerarical spines present in each cerarus of the ultimate segment; body slate-gray ••••••••••••••• ••••••••••••••••• Phenacoccus pettiti sp. novo. BB •••• Abal lobes without elongate. cylindrical ducts; •••••• C ••••• Ceraricel spines very long; three such spines in each cerarus of the ultimate segment; body canary-yellow •• Phenacoccus celtisifoliae S'p. n. CC •••• Cerarical spines very short; five scattered corari-cal spines in each cerarus of the ultimate segment; body of adult female very lSlge •••••• ••••••••••••••• 2henacoccus grandicarpus sp. n. Phenacoccus celtisifoliaesp. novo. ::!.dUlt female: 2.3 mm long and 1.5 rom. wide; light canary-' 1ellow; covered with a heavy. white, mealy powder; legs, an-tennaeand mouth-parts very pale brownish or yellowish; body margined with very short. wh~te masses of waxy exudation, and , a slight ridge of the sarne do\~ the dorsum; boiled in 10% KOH , it turns yellowish and then reddish bro'.m. ~unted adult female: 2.3 mm. long and 1.5 mm. wide; ~ with , ~ Scattering ordinary body hairs and cylindrical body glanls; : 91es prominent and project bulb-like above the body surface; Phenacoccus celtisifoliae sp. nov. Antennal curves of adult females. ID I ! A •••• Prothoracic leg of adult female. B ••.• Mesothoracic leg of adult female. C •• ~.Metathoracic leg of adult female. t I 1(, • • D •••• Body gland of adult female, greatly enlarged. E •••• Anterlor spiracle. F •••• Posterior s piracle. B •••• Antenna of adult female. ') n 1 r.. ., r} beak situated between the two anterior coxae; legs and an-ten..'1ae well developed; antennal formulae slightly varia.ble. but the graphic represen-.$ion characteristis, as the diagram. shows; ~measurements give the proportion of one segment to the other as follows: the trochanter plus the femur is about equal to the tibia and about three times the length of the tarsus; the femur is about four times as long as wide; tibia about six times its width in length; the tarsus about three times as long as wide; cararii distinct and with long ( 30 mmm.) conical satae of characteristic shape, being very slender, not differing greatly from the ordinary body hairs; conical setae of the cerarus type irregularly scattered over the derm, together with a scattering of the cerarica1 wqx glands; ~rical spines in thirty-six groups and arreneed as follows: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.10.11.12.13.14.15.16.17.18 • • t 385 3 •• 2 •• 4 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 4 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 3. 2 •• 4 •• 2 •• 3 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •. 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 3. 3 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• Z •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 3. 3 •• 4 •• 3 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 .• 2 •• 2 •• 3. 2 •• 2 •• 3 •• 3 •• 2 •• 3 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 3 •• 3. 2 •• 2 •• 4 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• ~ •• 2 •• 2 •• 3. ????.? •• ? •• ? •• 3 •• 2 •• 2.~2 •• 2 •.• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 3. ??? .• ? •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 3 •• 3 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 3. ~rarii of the ultimate, penultimate, and the second head group as shovm in figures; spiracles characteristic, beiniJ Sclerotinia-shaped on the outer extremity, and with a short neck which expands flask-shaped to a base nearly ~s bro~d as the cup, and quite thick; the first pair of spiracles occur-r1ng laterad and about medial between the coxae of the first two pairs of legs; the second pair of spiracles olll a line be-tween the bases of the coxae of the last two paits of legs, but lie much nearer the mesothoracic coxae than the metathora-~1c Coxae; anal lobes but slightly developed, each bearing a Ga1r 235 mmm. long and four other hairs of lengths varying trom 50 mmm. to 115 mmm. in length; hairs of the anal rinS about 135 mmm. long. ~arke: Collected from the under surface of leaves of hack-Derry (Celtis occidentalis) along the Hinkston Creek south-east of Columbia. The writer names this species because of 1ts relation to its host plant. Phenacoccus grandicarpus sp. nov. Cerarus of last or Second head cerarus. ultimate segment. The known distribution of Missouri Coccidae.-Albert Harold Hollinger. Phenacoccus grandicarpus sp. n. Phenacoccus grandicarpus sp. novo. Adult female: :Then dead and .. dried o~ a dark brown color; somewhat hemispheri.cal. with distinct segmentation; derm covered with fine. white. curled, waxy secretion; especially abundant at the anterior portion of the body; ovisac white. not very compact, being loose and open; shriveled insect .and the ovisac about 5 mm. long; when removed from the bark it leaves a thick"white,powdery secretion to mark th~ position of its body; turn dark greenish when boiled in 105'~ KOH. 2!} f, !dult female mounted: 2.8 mm. l6ng to 4.2 mm. long; from 1.8 mm. to 2.5 mo. wide; legs and antennae poorly developed in com-parison to the sixe of the body; antennal formulae slightly variable as follows: 91278(35)64, 921(78)(35)64, 921(78)(35)(64); ~ntenna1 curves characteristic; as the diagram shows; ~ measuremaats as follows: Trochanter & Femur •••• Tibia •••• Tarsus ••• Prothoracic leg •••••••••• 173 x 53 •••••• 103 x 26 ••• 74 x 21 ••• •••••••••• 197 x 62 •••••• 123 x 35 ••• 80 x 26 ••• ~esothoracic leg ••••••••• 176 x 53 •••••• 108 x 26 ••• 77 x 24 ••• •••••••••• 206 x 62 •••••• 129 x 32 ••• 88 x 29 ••• Metathoracic leg ••••••••• 185 x 56 •••••• 150 x 38 ••• 80 x 24 ••• •••••••••• 215 x 68 •••••• 176 x 47 ••• 82 x 29 ••• tarsal c&aws 26 mmm. long; spiracles Sclerotinia-shaped at their outer ends; ~ with small scattered body spines. and also 'sparingly dotted with small, obscurely-tr&angul~r gland pores. most numerous at the cephalic and the caudal ends and elong the margins of the body; cerarii widely separated and not prominent; with from two to five conical spines in each group. and with very few accompanying triangular gland pores; Conical cerarical spines very short and thin; arranged in thirty-six groups along the margins. as fo1lo'.-fs: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.10.11.12.13.14.15.16.17.18. ~367 4 •• 3 •• 4 •• 3 •• 3 •• 5 •• 6 •• 2 •• 3 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 3 •• 2 •• 6. 3 •• 4 •• 5 •• 4 •• 2 •• 4 •• 3 •• ??????.? •. ? •. ? •• ? •• ?. hairs of the anal lobes about 160 ~~. long; those of the !E!l Opening about 90 mmm •• 10ng. ~marks: This is the largest Phenacoccid of which the writer llas knowledge. Due to its distinctive characters it may be easily distinguished from all others. Collected by the writer ~der the outer bark of Acer saccharuM in such spots on the tree as had been injured and subsequently partly healed over, leaving good places for feeding and freedom from parasitic attack. It is possible that this suecies merely hibernates on trees and that sugar maple is not its preferred host plant. Phenacoccus grandicarpus sp. nov. Antennal curves of adult females. A •••• Antenna of adult female. B •••• Prothoracic leg of adult female. C •••• Mesothoracic leg of adult female. D •••• Metathoracic leg of adult female. B •••• Anterior spiracle. P •••• Posterior spiracle. C) (l ., I Adult female Phenacoccus pettiti greatly enlarged. Photoraaphed from life. I, \ \ Adult female P. pettiti sp. nov. The known distribution of Missouri Coccidae.-AfberL Harold Hollinger. Phenacoccus pettiti sp. novo. I Phenacoccus pettiti sp. novo. ~: Apparently just deposited under the body of the adult ~le with only a few, fine, white, waxy hairs to hold them . together, but not enough to be called an ovisac; egg-shells white. Young: Lemon or straw colored; about .5 rom. long; ovoid with rather broadly rounded extremities; antennae and legs pale yellow; antennae about one-half the length of the body ·ur the length of the transverse diameter of the body: very active; eye1l' blackish; apparently ventrally placed and far apart; a stout, white waxy spur arising from between the anal lobes. Adult femal~~ About 2.G mm. long and 1.3 rom. wide; oval-ellip-tical: somewhat truncate across the cephllic end; white, waxy exudations at the anal end: body slate-gray to brownish-gray; covered both dorsally and ventrally with a white secretion of waxy powder; on the dorsum laterad of the median line are two rows of abdominal and thoracic depressions which are lacking .in secretion; lateral margins covered with abundant white, woolly, waxy secretion, occurring also more or less abundantly Over the dorsum, but especially noticable in irregular longi-tudiaal masses between the latero-medial rows of depressions on the dorsum, and e.1so laterad of eaOh row; a fringe of seven-teen short, white, waxy spurs along either lateral margin of the bOdy, the two caudal ones being the longest: entire dorsum bearing long, thin, silken, glass-like hairs, some of which are as long or longer than the i~sect; they break off very easily, but are soon replaced by new ones; irridiscent; ap-parently arising from ·definite locations, for some of them are marginal, arising from about the middle of each segment while others are just anterior and posterior .toeach dorsal depression; apparently more in the caudal than in the cephalic region, as many as ten arising from the fourth segment from the anal end of one f~rnale; legs and antennae pale brownish. When boiled in 10% KOH turns red-brown to brick-red, but does not color the solution. ~ult female mounted: 2.7 mm. long and 1.8 rom. wide; ~ in Cephalic region bearing numerous long and short body hairs, ~ost numerous cephalad of the mouth-parts and between the basll segments of the abdomen; also with numerous short and long body hairs in proximity to the anal orifice; cerarus type Of gland pores scattered over the derm; several large "cir-Cu.mgenital" type of gland pores also near the anal opening; ~any large .body gIants near the margins of the body as well as a few scattered over the s~face; these glands project above the derm, as in figure; legs and antennae very well developed atrongly chdtinized, and with numerous long hairs; antennal formulae v~riab1e as follows: 325946178 t 32(59)46178, ~92)54l6(78) (23)9154678, (23)95146(78J, 329514678 329(154)678, 32954(16)78, 329546178, 329546187, 3294t(61)78, Legend for figures of Phenacoccus pettiti sp. novo. on right-hand page. A •••• Prothoracic leg of adult female. B •••• Mesothoracic leg of adult female. C •••• I~etathoracic leg of adult female. D •••• Anterior spiracle. B •••• Posterior spiracle. F •••• Antenna of adult female. H •••• Body gland projecting above the body surface. (greatly enlarged). Phenacoccus pett iti sp. nov. Antennal curves of adult females. • n --:tlVo c, \;' ~" 'J> ;' (;. ).. r', t:> 1/ I; /;, D' /' r \7 (", &> ! f> v <;) eye Cerarus of last or ultimate segment~ Cerarus of pen-ultimate segment. Second head cerarus. ~.---A p : -' . H ~ ' J /-........-:: 1,[, 1111 I \ I I ~ I I . J I I I I JII ' , I II II I \ \ I ~ ,j 1\ I J, IV\ \ f E I I II 1 0 I III, , I \ I I' \ \ I I \ \ I /- 1\ \ >, • , '" (See legend on left-hand page.) ;~o Adult females of Adult female of Phenacoccus refmillohi !henacoccus regnillohi sp. nov. enlarged about four t mes, ap. n. slightly reduced. showing the marginal Orthezia-like fringe. The known distribution of Missouri Coccidae.-Albert Harold Hollinger. Phenacoccus regnillohi sp. nov. I 329451678, 3(29)51(66)78. 3(29)541678, 3925(16)478, 3(92)514678, and 3(29)5(-146}78; antennal curves a s in diagram; leg measure-ments showing the extremes, as follows: Trochanter & Femur •••• Tibia •••• Tarsus •••• l?rothoracic 1eg •••••••••• 350 x 91 •••••• 279 x .41 ••• 103 x 27 •• • ••••• e . ••• 368 x 94 •••••• 309 x 35· ••• 121 X 32 •• Mesothoracic leg ••• .•••••• 376 x 94 •••••• 320 x 38 ••• 115 x 32 •• • ••••••••• 385 x 97 ••.••• 323 x 44 ••• 118 x 32 •• l1etathoracic leg ••••••••• 4l2 x 94· •••••• 368 x 47 ••• 118 x 32 •• • ••••••••• 420 x 97 •••••• 397 x 50 ••• 132 x 32 •• tarsal cls.ws 32 mrum. long; tibial spines vary from 20 mrnrn. to 30 ~~. in length; ttochanteral spine varies from 118 mmm. to 147 mmm. long, being of constant length in each specimen; spira.cles large and Sclerotinia-shaped; anal lobes slightly developed; well rounded on the distal ends, and each bearing a seta or hair varying from 265 mmm. to 295 mmm. in length: also becring severel other haits of varying lengths, from very minute (about 5 mmm.) to longer ones( 45 m~. to 90 ~~.); also bearing cerarii composed of two stout conical spines, surrounded by several small, obscurely-triangular wax pores; also bearing four large gland pores, two on each lobe, and about 20 ~~. in diameter, from which lead cylindrical tubes; .£.erarii distinct and somewhat elevated upon rounded protruber-ances; cerarii of the ult~ate and penultimate segments ~~d the second head group as in figures. ,liemarka: The wrl ter names this s·oecies in honor of Professor ~ettIt~lntomolog1st of tho Michigan Agricul ture.l Ex-psrimsl1t St a t&on. I~ hae been found in the act of faeding on Ambro8ia trixida, Rhue tox1cOdendrOn. Coro1e oanadenela. and Fr~lnue americana. !t was collected from Celtis occidentalis. Carya OVata, Oetrya virginie.na, and Acer saccharum upon which it was merely orawling. It is distributed in this state as indi-Cated on the map of d1etr1bution for thie epec1es, and it has been reported to the wr1ter from Kansas. The character1st1c dorsum o~ this species will distinguish it in: ,the field. while mounted spec1mena show many d1st1ngu1sh1ng characters, most important of which are the projeoting glands in the anal lobes. Fhenacoccus regn1110hi ap. novo. !£ung: Quite flat; ovoid; quite broad thru the middle of the a.bdominal region; rounded at the anal extremity; narrower at the cephalic extremity that at the caudal end. and rounded cephalad; lemon-rellow; legs pale brownish. antennae yellowish to translucent; derm dusted with fine whitish powder; anal lObes prominent and each bearing a seta about as long as the last segment of the antennal antennae six segmented; oaudal end Of larva somewhat soalloped on the lateral margins; tarsi bearing very long claws. Adult female: Globular and kermes-like, with diameters about equal, being 2 nnn. in diameter; body -flattened on the ventral surface; deep maroon to wine-colored; body at point of contact with the bark gurrounded by a marginal fringe or layer of stout, white, waxy~ Orthezia-like lamellae; ·dorsum dusted with snowy-white powder, especially at the caudal end; a low, broad longitudianl,median ridge most noticable along the posterior half of the body but slightly apparent in the thoracic region; transverse depressions lead to the margins from this median ridge, indicating the segmentation; the white powder collects in abundance in these slight depressions; derm bearing many small gland pores which are about equidistant from each other, and which secrete the waxy powder; at the anal opening a stout white, waxy tube which is broad at the distal end, and extend-ing caudally as fer as the outer margin of the white, waxy Orthezia-like lamellae; ventrum somewhat concave; distinctly segmented, and sparingly dusted with white powder; when re-moved from the bark; the adults leave a noticable, thia~ white, circular l~er of secretion; when boiled in 10% KOH it retains maroon color until entirely bleached, and colors the solution faintly. !:dult female mounted: 2.5 mm. long and 2.7 mm. wide; ~ bear-ng a few scattering hairs of the ordinary type, and also Scattering small circular gland pores; cephalad of the anal Opening are a few conical spines of the cerarus type, several Small circular gland pores and several large gland pores of the circumgenital-type l· le,s and antennae relatively small; anten-~al formula: 93261 6~8 4; antennal curve as in diagram; seg-ments all bear a few small setae; leg measurements as follows: Trochanter Be Femur ••• Tibia ••••• Tarsus ••• Prothoracic leg •••••••••• 179 x 65 •••••• 109 x 35 ••• 80 x 29 ••• Mesothoracic Metathoracic leg ••••••••• 182 x 65 •••••• 121 x 35 ••• 82 x 29 ••• •••••••••• 188 x 65 •••••• 123 x 35 ••• 85 x 29 ••• leg •••••• ~ •• 197 x 65 •••••• 147 x 50 ••• 88 x 32 ••• ••.••• ••••.••..•••• ••• •• 163 x 50 •.••••••••••• tarsal claws vary from 21 mmm.' to 24 mmm. long; the femur, tibia and tarsi about three times as long as wide; the tro-Chanter plus the femur slightly over twice the length of the tarsus; the tibia about as long as the tarsus plus · the claw; ·anterior coxae very near the mouth and well within and above ihe position ofnthe anterior pair of spiracles; eyes just aterad and cephalad of the bases of the antennae; spiracles ~ith characteristic shape, being about 75 mmm. long, and with oth the top and the base expanded, the top being ' about 65 mmm. in diameter and the base about 65 mmm. in diameter; posterior Pa1r of spi;acles in between the coxae of the last two pairs Of legs. tho slightly laterad of a line connecting the two ~ cOXae. and being slightly nearer themesothoracic coxae than ~\ha metathoracic coxae; cerarii charaoteristic, due to the ~la.rge number of conical spear-head shaped spines in each group, ~' .. ' . - . Legend for figures of Phenacoccus regnillohi sp. nov. on right-hand page. A •••• Prothoracic leg.of adult female. B •••• Mesothoracic leg of adult female. C •••• Metathoracic leg of adult female. D •••• Anterior spiracle. E •••• Posterior spiracle. F •••• Antenna of adult female. @ . @ 0 0 & © ~ (j) ~ G Ultimate cerarus of adult female P. regnillohi SPa n. , 1 ?<~ o a ~. 1v.~ , It ~ C3 ~ Penultimate cerarus. Antepenultimate one. Second head c erarus . (See legend on left-hand page.) Antennal curves of adults. and due to the few [;.ccompanying circular gland pores; conical cerarical spines va.r;y-ing from 18 rmnm. to 24 mm::l . long und from 3 m~~. to 6 m~l. in diameten; each cerarus on the ultimate se .;ment vlith ten or eleven spinos, and with but fevl glWld pores which are circular and are not triangular 8S 1n the other species; conical sp~nes occurring somewhc:;.t Se i)arated from the cGrarii in nany cases; cerarical sl;ines numorous end arrcnged about as follows: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.10.1l.1~.13.14.1~.16.17. ~361 6 •• 5 •• 4 •• 6 •• 4 •• 6 •• 3 •• 3 •• 3 •• 7.10.11.10 •• 5.10.12.11 ?????? •• ? •. ? .. ? .• ? •• ! .. 8.11.10.ll.11.10 anal lobes slightly developed, short and broadly rounded; anal ha.ir being about 190 rnrnm. long; also bearing about ten shorter setae, about the s~me length as those of the anal Opening, being about 100 mrnm. to 110 mmm. long; also bearing the above mentioned cerarii. Bemarks: Located a few inches above the base and at th,J crovm of Ostrya virginiana, south of Columbia, :.=issouri, and directly east of the UnivGrsity Poultry l)lant. It is very noticable in its habitat, because of the maroon-colored insect surrounded by the white, wax:y lamellae. No ovisac is formed, the young hatching from eggs laid directly beneath the bodt; of the mother; Upon hatching, the egg-shells protrude from the anal end of the mother, between her body and the bark. The young were observed to be hatching the twelvth of August, 1916. ~his species was attenc.ed by the common blac~ wood ants which sometimes build a frassy dome or carton over the females. Genus Pseudococcus ';[estwood -- ::::.::::::::::::===== This genus wus described by ',lestwood in 1839 t but has Several synonyms in the follo'Ning names: Trechocorys Curtis (1843) Cocconid!a Amyot (1847) Dactylopius Targiona-Tozzetti (1867) Boisduval1ia Signoret (1875) Oudablis Signoret (1881) It includes thdlse species of mealy bugs which nor-~ally have seven or eight segmented anteru1ae in the adult temale t and which have the tarsal claw simple. The technical descriptive characters are: _';'dult female: LIouth parth present; abdominal spiravles eb-sent; body na:.ced or covered \'11th mealy secretion; anal ring fringed with six hairs; abdominal extremity not cleft and without dors al triangular anal pla tes; le6s present; antennae normally seven or eight segmented; tarsal claws sir:l.f; le and un-toothed. The species of this genus kno\vn to occur in this state may be separated by the following synoptic key: A ••••• True cerarical spines not present in the cerarii of the ultimate segment, being replaced by several very long hairs; adult female very large; body blood-red in color •• Pseudococcus jessica Hollinger l~ ••••• True cerarical spines present in the cerarii of the ultimate segment .•••.••.....•................ . B ••••• Conical spines in ultimate cerarii very slender ••••• c ••••• \'lax pores very numerous, and vii th several small circular pores intersperced ••••••••••••••••••• •••••••••••••••• Pseudococcus trifolii Forbes cc •••• ~.7ax pores relatively few, and no small circular pores intersperced •••••••..••..••••.•••••••••• •••••••••••.•••• Pseudococcu~ shaferi Spa novo BB •••• Conical spines in the ultimate cerarii stout •••••••• C ••••• Conical spines of the ultimate c ararii relatively broad ........•••••.•.....................•... D ••••• Conical spines of tha ultimate cerarii very short and in pairs; each spine remote from the other; triangular wax iJ ores rel?-tively few •• ••••••••••••• Pseudococcus nipae ( 1~sk.) DD •••• Conic~l spines of the ultimate cerarii not short, but very prominent. and approximate •••••••• • • • • • E ••••• '{lax pores very numerous; conical cerarical spines variable in size in the different cerarii •••• Pseudococcus omniverae Spa novo EE •••• ';lax pores very few; conical cera.rical spines all stout •• Pseudococcus pseudonipae Ckll. CC ••••• Conical spines of the ultimate cerarii relatively na,rrO"ll • •••••••.•••••••••••••••••••••••••••• • • D ••••• ':lax pores very numerous; cerarical spines of the ultimate cerarii large •••••••••••••••••••••• ••••••••••••• Pseudoooccus morrisonii sp. novo DD •••• Wax pores but moderately numerous; conical spines of the ultimate cerarii relatively small ••••• E ••••• Wax pores few and scattered; setae in the ulti- . mate cerarii much shorter than the conical spines •• ~ •• Pseudococcus mcdaniel1i sp. novo EE •••• Wax pores relatively numerous; setae in the ul-timate cerarii'much longer than the coni-cal spines •• Pseudococcus citri (Risso) Pseudococcus ci tri (.:Risso) Dorthesia citri Risso (1813) Coccus citri Bdv. (1867) ~acty1opius oitri Sign. (1875) 1!canium phyl1ocoocus Asbm. (1879) ~aoty1opius brevispinus Targ. (1881) ~acty1opius destructor Comst. (1881) This species was first desoribed by Risso in 1813 under the name Dorthezia citri Risso, it probably having been ~1staken for a species of what we now know as Orthezia. In this oountry it was first described by Comstock in 1880. He gave it the common name of the "destructive mealy bug". It 1s most commonly known now as the " common greenhouse mealy bug" Or the "citrus mealy bug". It is quite cosmopolitan, having been recorded from the following countries: Canada, Europe, Brazil, Jamaica, Uauritius, Natal, Peru, Sandwich Islands and the United States. In this country it has been reported from: Colorado, California, D1str1ct of Columbia, Florida, Indiana, Iowa, Louisiana, liassachusetts, New Mexico, l~ew Jersey, New York, Ohio, Wiscon-3 () J , f , , 1 sin and Washington, but probably occurs in most gre enhouses thruout this country. It is oytllliverous, attacking the following plants: Acalypha spp., Aspara~ls officinale, Rex begonia, bottle brush, Bouvardia spp., Callistemon lanceolatus, Cestrum Sl)P. , citron., Coffea arabica, Chaetachme aristata, Coleus spp., cotton, croton, Datura ~rborea, deer-brush, ferns, fig, fuchia, gera-nium" '. Go_s13Y'Pium Bpp., grape , grapefruit, HabrothomiuB spJ?, Ipomoea spp., English Ivy, leadwort, Learii spp., lemon, moonflower, nettle, nightshade, oleander, orange, trifoliate orange, Guadelope palm, passion vine, peony, poinsettia, ·poteto vine, pumpkin, redwood, Solanum jaslnoides, Stre1itzia gigant'a: , S. regina, Tasconia jasminoideB, tangerene. tobacco, trumper vine, umbrella plant, carob, Vinca, and wandering jew. Besides this long list, it undoubtedly feeds on other plants. It is a very destructive insect whereever it occurs, ~ the greenhouse, ornamental garden or citrus grove. It attacks the fruit, foliage, bark and roots of its host and due to its prolificnesait often ruins the plants. Bhe:;ra native, as 1n the orange groves of California and Florida. , 1 t ·:masses .-} · ... 10: .· 1n great numbers on the fruit, often closely pl.ckingthe naVels, and are than removed only with difficulty. Some times ;the infested leaves and fruit drop prematurely. In addition , ~o its pernicious attacks, it also secretes an abundance ' of honey dew which is a good medium for the growth of certain 'blaCk smut fungi which cover the tree, fruit and foliage. 308 Legend for figures of Pseudococcus citri (Risso) on right-hand page. A •••• Anterior spiracle. B •••• Posterior spiracle. C •••• Antenna of adult male. D •••• Antenna of adult female. E •••• Antenna of young or immature female. F •••• Prothoracic leg of adult female. H •••• Mesothoracic leg of adult female. I •••• Metathoracic leg of adult female. A 1 ~ B c (See legend on left-hand page.) The known distribution of Missouri Coccidae.-Albert Harold Hollinger. Pseudococcus citri (Risso) ;~ (J .1 All greenhouse men thruout the country and the owners of oitrus groves where this pest is native know .the effects of infesta-tions; but many do absolutely nothing to rid themselves of this insect, other than to throw ou~ infested plants. The cottony, waxy material secreted by the pest renders them more or less resistant to most of the methods employed in the control of other scale insects. Spraying with an oil emulsion which readilly dis-solves this cottony material gives the best results. C~e IlIU.st be taken, however, to see that the spray does not injure the foliage of the various plants treated. A spray recom-mended for citrus trees under California conditions is one made of the following: water, 40 gallons; whale-oil soap. 40 pounds; crude carbolic acid, 5 gallons. The soap is dis-SolVed in boiling water, and after the acid is added, the mix-ture is boiled for ten minutes. The resulting mixture ia a thick, light creamy emulsion, and is the stock solution. For orchard use this should be diluted one part to twenty parts ot water, the resultant spray being a crea~ mixture. For greenhouse work, this mixture should not be used nearly so strong. Fumigation is also used in orchard work where the Pest is native. and under some conditions it might be used ~ fumigation of hardy plants. Many floriculturists simply • ~Se a atrong stream of water. and force the insects from the tWigs and leaves. It gives good results if continued syste~ ~tlcally, but there are always enough left to statt reinfes-tatlons. It is often attacked by parasitiC and predacious Pseud6coccus citri (Risso) r------ -"--Cerarus of last or ultimate segment. Cerarus of the penultimate segment. Antennal curves of adult females. The technical description of P. citri (Risso) is as follows: Young: Lemon-yellow in color; antennae six segmented; mouth parts twice as . long as the body • . I.mle: Body brownish; wings quite broad at the apex; extending about three-eighths their length caudad of the anal extrenity of the body; antennae about one-half as long as the wings, ~d ten segmented. eyes ruby-colored. Ad~lt female: Moderate. Aise; about 3.6 mm. long and 2. Mm. wide; light yellowish to brown"ish-yellow; completely coveeed with a thick, white, waxy secretion; marginal spurs of wax short; rather distinct, and sub-equal in length, with excepti«n of those of the anal lobes which are slightly longer, being about 1.2 mm. long; derm spotted with many more or less cir-Cular gland pores and also with numerous body hairs; antennae well developed and edght segmented; the formulae varIable as follows: 82(13)7654, 82(13)7(66)4, 82317(654), 82(13)7(654), 8(21)37(654), 8(21)37654, 82317(64)6, 82317654, . 82317466, . 82137(65)4, 823175(64); antennal curve as in diagram; legs well developed with the coxa about one-third as long as the trochanter plus the femur; the trochanter about one-fourth the length of the femur; the tibia nearly as long as the femur and about twice the length of the ~arsus; claws well developed; cerarical spines of the ultimate cerarii relatively narrow; normally two conical spines in each cerarus, varying 1n .size from 19 mmnl. long to 24 mmm. long and about 6 mmm. in dlaceter; wax pores relatively numerous; setae in the ultimate cerarii much longe~ than the conical spines; hairs of anal ring about one-half the length of those on the anal lobes. Pseudococcus jessica HolliQger Th1s species was described ~nd figured by the writer 1n the Canadian Entomologist, volume ~48, page # 411-413, and ~olume 149, page #19-21. A few slight changes in phraseology Occur, otherwise the description is similar to that in the 'bove mention4d report. It is as follows: ~g: About.6 mm. long when born, and covered with a thin, ranaparent egg-shell; about .25 mm. wide; oval; broadly rOUnded at cephali8 end, and slightly tapering from the fore Part of the abdominal region to the anal lobes; reddish-brown on dorsal surfaoe but orange-brown on the ventral surface, due to the color of the legs and the antennae; with transmitted 11~ht thru the body, it appear. yellowish-brown; body covered -lth a fine, white, powdery waxy secretion, exoept at the ar-ticUlat10n of the body segments; eyes reddish or purplish. and a1tuated just behind · the peduncles of the antennae; antennae ~1~ 8~gmented bearing numerous hairs; anal lobes each beating o ' "ne Short hair. . Three adult female Pseudococcus lessica {HollingerJ in situ on bark. Ventral view of adult female. Young of P. jessica Hollinger. The known distrihution of Missouri Coccidae.-.lIhcrt f/amld flollillg£'!". Pseudococcus jessica Hollinger. OAV. ] ORTJoj HARFtIS. MfR, PUT"~" BULLI\-6AUN. U\'INCi UNN JA$P[R NEwTON '" naH. . , Adult female: 4 mm. to 6 rum. long; 2 mm. ' high; 2.5 mm broad; more or less hemispherical in outline; flattened ventrally, and sometimes dorsally when crowded between the bark and wood; purplish-red or blood-red, about the same as that of the woolly e.l?ple aphis (Schizoneura la.nigera); covered with a relatively thick deposit of white, ~'{a:x:y, secreted powder; !!.2. lateral fringe of white wa~J eaudation, nor any apparent hairs, nor secreted waxy filaments or glassy appearing hairs as occur in certain other mealy bucs; segmentation of the body delineated by thinner secretion of the waxy powder at those places of articulation; ~ ovisac is ~ormed, the embryas being laid at the caudal end of the body underneath the mother; legs and antenna~ reddish-brown; when boiled in 10% KOH, the bodies of the adults turn deep. blue-black, and color the solution a blood-red. . " Adult female:mounted: at the beginning of oviposition, 2.6 mm. ,long and 2.2 m~. wide; at the height of oviposition, 5.7 mm. long and 2.4 mm. wide; derm with innumerable body setae whioh average about 50 mmm. long; many small. obscurely-triangular wax pores occurring allover the derm; several slightly larger circular gland pores in the cephalic region. along each abdomi,. nal segment, and scattered thru the thoracic region; setae in the oaudal region especially well developed; scattering gland pores of the circumgenital-type in proximity to the anal opening and the genital orifice; beak well developed and two segmented; !,ntennae eight se~ented, and of the following formulae; 82137546, and 8(21)37564; antennal curves as in diagram;. an-tennae averaeing about 45 mmm. wide, being relatively stout; legs relatively stout and thick-set, the extreme measurements being as follows: Coxa Trochanter Femur Tibia Tarsus Profhoracic leg •••••••••• 88 x 126.103 x 59 •• 188 x 100.147 x 50 •• 94 x 35. 103 x 126.115 x 50 •• 206 x 100 •• 144 x 44.100 x 41. Mesothoracic leg......... . 94 x 141.109 x 59 •• 206 x 106 •• l4Z x 50. 82 x 44. 118 x 150.118 x 74 •• 221 x 109 •• 173 x 53.106 x 38. Uetathoracic leg ••••••••• 112 x 141.112 x 65 •• 206 x 103 •• 159 x 50.103 x 38. 113 x 147.129 x 77 •• 235 x 109 •• 188 x 56.118 x 47. Posterior coxae partially alveolate; tarsi! claws vary from 32 to 40 mmm. long; suiracles stout with undeveloped cup-shaped disc; ~ lob~s undeveloped, but bearing a long hair 132 rmnm. in length; setae of @onal '; opening about 100 mmm. long; no true oerarical spines in any of the ~erarii, being replaced by long slender body hairs, es in figure. ~marks: It takes the young about fifteen minutes after birth to free themselves from the thin, membraneous egg-shell which 314 Legend for figures of Pseud~coccus jessica Hollinger on the right-hand page. A •••• young insect, greatly enlarged. B •••• Prothoracic leg of adult female. C •••• llcsothoracic leg of adult female. D •••• Uetathoracic leg of adult female. B •••• Anterior spiracle. F •••• Posterior spiracle. H •••• Antenna of adult female. Adult female Pseudococcus je ssic~ Hollinger in situ and attended by a common black ant. About x3. Cerarus of the last or ultimate segment. Antennal curves of adult females. (See legend on left-hand page. ) envelopes them. They have no powdery secretion when they first emerge from the pelicles. The young have the habit of congregating in masse,s when not attended by common black ants. The ants transfer many of them to the 'terminal or lateral twigs of hickory at the base of the tree or to simi-lar situations on the old tree itself, although it is possible that ~ some of the young migrate some distance from the place _ where they were born. The ants seem to guard the young care-fully. They feed until fall, and are them probably taken into the ant nests where they hibern~te, or possibly a few of them crawl under the bark and into crevices where they pass the winter. In early spring the ants transfer the larvae to protected places under the exfoliating bark flakes, and they commence feeding and growing. They apparently beco~e full-grown and mature in this latitude by the middle of July, for females were examined on the twelvth of July, 1916, and they Were full of embryos. The first yOUllg were observed on the twenty-eighth of July. ,1916, and they were obse~ved to be emerg-ing from their pellicles as late as the midale of September, 1915, so that the oviposition period is at least two months long. This species is invariably attended by co~~on black 6.nts and occur generally in groups of two or three, bu:b some-times as many as ten will be found to be grouped under a small slab of bark only six inches in diameter. This gregariousness in habit probably occurs so that the ants may collect an abund-' 6.nce of honey dew from the coccids without any great difficulty, thus saving time and energy on the part of the ants. Nearly fifty ants have been observed to encircle one adult female, and many more were crowding around to get their meal of waxy or secreted material. When disturbed by the remaval of the bark, th!r ants would run around frantivally with the tips of their abdomens ei:evated and their mandiblas extended. making a most fDrmidable appearance. ~is species in the adult stage is generally located bet71e en the bark and the - wood where there is just enough room for them to expand to their maximum size, and where the <s have easy access to them. However, the writer occasionally found an isolated female adult which had been protected from external agents by walls of fDassy material wAich the ants had built from the surface of the. bark upon which they were resting to the shelly flake of bark which had weathered away from over the ooccid. This protected it from the attE~cks of parasitic or predacious enemi'9s a.nd.. also prevented the bodV of the female from drying out or becoming hard..ened. Thru such a c[l,rton , . were several passage ways for the ants to go and co~e from the&r "COY/S". While observing this species, the iVTiter has found Several Syrphid sFP. larvae in conjunction with the sides of the mealy~bugs. apparently fe~~ing on their bodies. Insects thus attacked Y/ere partially shriveled, but still alive and attended by the ants, as usual •. In a few cases the Syrphid e~~. larvae were entirely covered by the adult cocci4s. It appears that the ants tolerats this intruder, but for what ~easan the writer can not d..efinitely say, unless it is because ~he ants have not learned to distinguish between the coccid 3J7 and the fly larva, or because the intruder does not entirely destroy the secreting faculties of this coccid. Most of the Syrphid larvae are apparently of one species', being salmon-pink in color and about 3 mm. long and lmm. in diameter at the time of observation, the fourteenth o~ August, 1916. However, a large flattish, circular or slightly oval creamy-white species was also taken with the mealy bugs, but none matured to render identification possible. No pare,sitic Hymenoptera have been reared ,:from this insect. This is the largest Pseudococcid of which the writer knows, and its shape, size, and host plant will render identification of this species a rather easy matter in the field. A smaller. differently colored mealy bug is mentioned from the same host in Indiana, but *s not described or named by the state Entomologist of Indiana in the 1910 report, page 226. Correspondence with Morrison has shown that so far as the Indiana material is concerned, the species is lost to BCience, and so it can not be pos1tlv~lyt8tated that that material was the same as this or different. The writer con-elUde.; however, that the Indiana material was more similar to the species Pseudmcoccus morrisonii. ~hich is described on pege3~ 7. Pseudococcu~ longispinus (Targ.) .£.2.ccus adonidum Linn. (1767) (preoccupied) l!eudococcus ado~idum Westw. (1839) ~ccus liliacearum Bouche (1844) ~ ,:£!ccus tU1ipatum Bouche (1844) t,. 318 Coccus zamiae Lucas (1855) Dactylopius longis~inus Targ. (1869) Dactylopius adonidum Targ. (1869) Dactylopius hoyae Sign. (1875) Dactylopius liliacearum Sign. (1875) Dactylopius tuliparum Sign. (1875) Dactylopius zamiae Sign. (1875) Dactylopius pteridis Sign. (1875) Dactylopius longifilis Comst. (188l) Pseudococcus longispinus Targ • . (1903) There has been some controversy a~ong entomologists Over the specific name this insect should have. Some believe that Coccus adonidum of Linnaeus refers to this species, and consequently should be called Pscmd.ococcus adonidum (Linn.) Others state authoritatively that Coccus adonidum Linn. was not a mealy bug, but probably some species of Orthezia. as the description indicatel. Targionia n~ed it ?seudococcus long1-!pinus in 1869, and it hes become fairly well known by that name. However, llaskell has concludet that Dactylopius lilia-~arum Bouche isa synonym of this species. In so much as ~ l!liacearum Bouche was described before P. longispinus Targ., lQngispinus becomes a synonym of lillacearum. and this species ShoUld be correctly called P. liliacearQ~ (Bouche). Sanders Bays (76) that there is no reason why the Linnaean name of this cOCCid should be discarded in favor of another, e~en tho the ~ame had been previously used in Fauna Suecica and was omitted ,;~~m the tenth edition of Systema Naturae. According to the 3J ~J \ rules of zoological nomenclature, however, a preoccupied name can not be used, and so this species should be correctly known as Pseudococcus liliacearum (Bouche). It has been known for more than a century, and its distribution during this long period has become almost world-wide. It has been recorded from th' following countries: Europe, Natal, New Zealand, Cape Colony, Mauritius, Transvaal, Chili, Jamaica, Australia, South America, and from various places in the United States: Indiana, Ohio, WisconsiB, Louisiana, California, Michigan, and undoubtedly many other localities. It probably occurs in most of the commercial greenhouses in this country. No known attempt has been made to completely list the host plants of this species, for such a list, at best, would be but partially complete. The following plants are some on which this species thrives: Rex begonia, calla, Cineraria spp., citton, Coleus spp., croton, Coffea arabica, Cycas revoluta, dracena, ferns, Ficus elastica, F. pandurata. fig, Flacourtia sepiaria, fuchsia, grape, grapefruit, guava. 4asmine, lemon, lobster cactus, mango, moonflower, Nephrodium amplum, oleander, Opuntia spp., orange, Guadeloupe palm, ~llanthus distiachus, plum, primrose, rubber, sago palm, Stangeria schizodon, Strelitzia gigantea, umbrella plant, Zamia spp., carob, Psidium guava, P. pomiferum, Liliaceae. This pest lives out of doors in the southern part of this country. but is mainly a greenhouse pest. Altho it is llot quite so abundant as P. citri (Risso). it is often injurious ~end so is considered by greenhouse men as oneo! their worst ~. Antennal curves of ad~lt females of Pseudococcus longispinus (Targiona-Toxzetti). The known distribution of Missouri Coccidae.-Albert Harold Hollinger. Pseudococcus longispinus (Targ.) pests. It can be controlled similarly to the citrus mealy bug. It breeds almost continuously in greenhouses, and there are several generations a year. The adult females are very active, when disturbed. They do not form the usual egg-sac of this t~pe of insect, the young being born enclosed in a pseudo-ovum or thin pellicle which splits open soon after birth, allowing the young to escape. The mother. however, surrounds herself with fine loose cottony material, and the young remain in this with the mother for some time. All stages of this species have been observed at the same time. The paras~te Pseudaphycus angelicus (How.) is the only species known to attack the long-tailed mealy bug. as this species is commonly called. The technical description is as follows: !dult female: About 3 mm. long and 1.5 mm. wide; ovoid; yel-lowish. with a brownis~and upon the dorsum; ~ with numer-ous scattered wax pores; covered with a powdery, mealy secre-tion; marginal spurs varying in size from rather short to four very long ones at the caudal edd, the inner two of these being the longer; antennae eight segmented; formulae variable as follows: 832154(67), (83)215467, 8231(54)67, 83215647. 83215467. 82315467. 82135467; antenna1 curves as in: diagram; legs well developed; the coxa slightly longer than the tro- · Chanter. and about one-third the length of the femur; tibia about as long as the femur; tarsi about as long as the tro-Chanter; claw long and thick; cerarii with conical spines. _ grouped as follows: t497 1.503 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7 •• 8. 9.10.11.12.13.14.15.16.17. 3 •• 3 •• 3 •• 2 •• 3 •• 3 •• 8 •• 8 •• 8 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •••• 3 •• 4 •• 3 •• 2 •• 2 •• 3 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• ~. 3 •• 4 •• 3 •• 2 •• 2 •• 3 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •••• 3 •• 4 •• 3 •• 2 •• 2 •• 3 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •••• 4 •• 4 •• 3 •• ~ •• 3 •• 3 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •••• 3 •• 3 •• 3 •• 2 •• 2 •• 3 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •••• Legend for figures of Pseudococcus mcdanieli sp. novo on right-hand page. A •••• Antenna of adult female. B •••• Prothoracic leg of adult female. c •••• 1Jesothoracic leg of adult female. D •••• Hetathoracic leg of adult female. E •••• Body gland of adult female. F •••• Anterior spiracle. H •••• Posterior spiracle. Ovisacs and adult females of Pseudococcus mcdanieli sp. n. Adult female P. mcdanieli sp. n. in ovisac, greatly enlarged. E --~ (See legend on left-hand page. ) seta of each anal lobe slightly longer than the setae of the anal. ring. Pseudococcus madaniel1 ~p. novo. Ovisac: From 5 mfl. to 6 rom. in diameter; always located on the lmver surface of the leaves of its host plants, and generally at the juncture of two large veins. Young: Pale lemon-yellow; .5 mm. long and .25 mm. wide; oval; eyes black; antennae six segmented; the sixth segment always the longest, and as long as segments two, three, end four combined; the second segment slightly longer than the third, fourth, or fifth, whivh are sub-equal; the first and second ones sub-equal. Adult female: : Scarsely concealed beneath the cottony,wa~. secreted material, generally not so deeply covered as to en-tirely hide the inse~t; the white, fluffy hairs extend around the mother for quite a depth; 2 rom. long and 1. ~~. wide; orange-bro\vn; segmentation easily distinguished on the dorsum by the regularly secreted bands of white, cottony wax, between which the body at the articulation of the segments can be seen; a heavy, white, secreted waxy tube surrounding the anal Opening; the operation of egg laying seems to be acco~lished only with diffivultl and much exertion; eggs pale yellow, and Very numerous; when boiled in 10% KOH, the body contents turn deep blood-red and tints the solution pinkish. ~dult female mounted: 2.1 rom. long smd 1.4 mm. wide; derm with ~any circular gl~ pores which open into short, cylin!rIcal ducts about 5 mmm. or 6 mmm. long, and about 2.mmm. or 3 mmm. ln diameter; these glands most numerous laterad of the legs and spiracles and near the margins of the abdominal segments; derm colorless; antennae and mouthparts well developed. brown-iSh-straw colored; antennal formulae slightly variable as fOllows: 73(12)(466),73(12)(46)5, 71(24)3(56J, 714(23)66, 71(234)66, 7(14)3265 7143265, 7(1&)(31)(66), . 71(23)466 7(13)2465, 74(13)(26'5, 7(23)14(65)~ 71(23)(45)6, 7312465; !atennal graph characteristic, as in diagram; antennae only BeVen segmented; legs well developed, the extreme measurements belng as follows: . Trochanter & Femur •• Tibia •••••• Tarsus ••• ~othoracic leg •••••••••• i79 x 53 •••••• 109 x 29 •••• 71 x 24/ ••• ~esothoracic leg ••••••••• 185 x 53 •••••• 112 x 29 •••• 74 x 24 •••• •••••••••• 188 x 53 •••••• 115 x 29 ••••••••••••••• Metathoracic leg ••••••••• 197 x 47 •••••• 132 x 26 •••• 80 x 21 •••• •••••••••• 200 x 53 •••••• 132 x 32 •••• S0 x 26 •••• Pseudococcus mcdanieli sp. npvo. Antennal curves of adult females. Cerarus of ultimate segment. Cerarus of~enultimato segment. I The known distributi on of Missouri Coccidae.-Albert Harold Hollillger. Pseudococcus mcdanieli sp. novo. I GENT SULL!\ DAV. aRT}( HARRIS. MER. PUTN. ... " 6RUN. UVING UNN aAR.TON O .... OE JASPER "W NEWTON a .... RRy " nON . ') ') f' oJ ~ J Pseudococcus morrisonii sp. novo. Cerarus of the ultimate segment. Cerarus of the Second head cerarus. penultimate segment. The known distribution of Miss'ouri Coccidae.-Albert Harold Hollinger. Pseudococcus morrisonii sp. novo. spiracles relatively narrow tubes with small discs ending on their outer extremities; circumgenital type of wax pores num-erous in the anal region; cerarii occur on each segment of the body. and are composed of conical spines arranged as fol-lows: . 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6 •• 7. 8. 9.10.11.12.13.14.15.16.17. i 323-???.? •• 2 •• 2 •• 3 •• 2 •• 2 •• ? •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• ?2 .• 2 •• ?.? .. ??? •. ? •• 2 .• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •. 2 •• . ????? •. ? •• ? •• ? •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• ???.? .. ? •• 2 •. 1 •. 1 •• 2 •• 1 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• obscurely-triangdlar w~ pores in each cerarus very few. and also occurring scattered over the derm; seta of each anal lobe and the setae of the anal opening about equal in length, being 153 mmIll. long. Remarks: The writer has found this species most abundant on the giant ragweed, .~brosia trifida, but has also collected it from those. plants listed on page J1(,. The metathoracic coxae are. but faintly and partially alveolate. Pseudococcus morrisonii sp. novo. Adult female: 2.3 rom.to 2.4 rum. long and 2mm. to 2.3 mm. wide; semi-globul.ar in form; covered with a heavy, ,white, mealy, waxy secretion; finely pubescent with short hairs; body var-niSh-brown in color; abdominal segments greatly tellesceped and retracted, making the anal extremity truncate; margins Slightly flattened, laterally, in some specimens, bu~ concexly rounded in others; slightly rubbed specimens present a banded appearance of white and brovm; legs and anterulae about the Same color as the body; when boiled in 10% KOH the body con-tents turn a deep blood-red or a maroon red and tint the liquid brownish. Adult female mounted: 3 mm. long and 2.5 mm. wide; derm with . nUmerous long and short body hairs, and also with scattering. small. obscurely triangular wax pores; legs and antennae rather small in comparison to the length of the body; antennae eight segmented; antennal formulae slightly variable, as fol-lows: 81237654, 812376(54), 8l237r65)4; antennal curves of this species as in diagram; leg measurements show about the fOllowing proportions: coxa as wide as the length of the tibia; trochanter plus the femur about the same length as the tarsu8 Plus the tibia" tarsus about as long as the coxa, and about twice its own ~i~th; femur about as wide as the length of the tarsus; the whole leg relatively short and thick; sriracles 'Very short and broad-necked with a ahort expanding cap about "." 321 Legend for figures of Pseudococcus morrisonii_ sp. novo. on right-hand page. A •••• :?rothoracic leg of adult female. B •••• Uesothorncic leg of adult female. c •••• J,!etathoracic leg of adult female. D •••• Antenna of adult female. E •••• Anterior spira.cle of adult female. F •••• Posterior spiracle of adult female. Antennal curves of adult Pseudococcus morrisonii species novo. I f (See legend on left-hand page.) 50 mmm. in diameter, and with a bulb-shaped be.se; spiracle, a~terior coxa ~nd cephalic portion of the mouth in line; anterior spiracles laterad and caudad of the anterior coxae being nearer to them than to the me.sothoracic coxae; the pos-terior spirHcle has about the same relation to the two pos-terior coxae that the anterior snirac1e has to the first two poxae; beak long and two-segD1lted, and bearing a few short setae: cer~rii present on each segment, altho some of them near the middle of the body have long hair's in addition to or replacing the conical spines: cerarii of the ultireate and penultimate segments and the second head cerarus as in figure; arranged around the lateral margins vii th conical sp ines num-bering aa follows: 1. 2 •• 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.10.11.12.13.14.15.16.17 •• I 421 3 •• 3 •• ??.? •. 2 •• 3 •• 2 •• l •• l •• 4 •• 3 •• 2 •• 4 •• 4 •• 4 •• 2 •• 3 •• 2 •• l •• 2 •• 2 •• 3 •• I •• 2 •• ~ •• 3 •• l •• 3 •• 4 •• 3 •• 3 •• 2 •• l •• 3 •• 3 •• 2 •• 3 •• 2 •• l •• 1 •• 4 •• 3 •• 2 •• 4 •• 4 •• 4 •• 2 •• ??.? •• 2 •••• 3 •• 2 •• 2 •• 3 •• 2 •••• 2 •• 2 •• 3 •• 2 •• 3 •• 3 •• 3 •• 4 •• 2 •• conical spines triangular in appearance, those on the ulti~ mate segment being 26 mmm. long and 7 mmm. in diameter; 8.nalring normal. Bemarks: The writer names this coccid in honor of H. Morrison Who gave the writer information relative to a certain mealy bug on Carya spp. in Indiana, and which the writer presumes is the same one that was mentioned, but not described, in the 1910 Report of the State Entomologist of Indiana. this species was attended by co~mon black ants. They werefounl in two colonies on the same tree in close prOXimity to each other. Their home was located between Scarred tissue which~had nearly gro~m together on the .outside. tho leaving plenty of room for both the females.and the attend-ing ants. A sort of run-way or carton had been made out of ~d and frassy material, so as to prevent the entrance of natural enemies, andthru these passages the ante were observed to go back and forth. Young larvae were thickly clustered around the scarred tissue and under some dead interposing bark and were carefully atte1lded by some of the ants. The Posterior ooxae of this species are n2l alveolate. Pseudococcus nipae (~sk.) ~ctYlopius nipaeMask. (1892) £!eudococcus nipae Fernald (1903) A Adult female Pseudococcus nipae (Mask. ) The known distributio n of Missouri Coccidae.-. .Jlbert !larold Hollillger. Pseudococcus nipae (Maskell) This peculiar but hamdsome coccid was first des-I cribed by L!Iaskell from Demerara in 1892. It was first found in the United States in the Harvard Botanical Gardens at Ca~bridge, Massachusetts, in 1902, where it had been intro-duced ,probably from some South o~ Central American country. Theobald reported it from France in 1906. It roceives its specific name from the palm, Niper fructicans, which it very seriously attacks in British Guiana. The only places from which this insect haa been reported are: Demerara, British Guiana, llexico, Fr~~ce, Natal, Cepe Colony, the Transvaal, and Massachusetts. The only recorded hosta are species of palms. No parasites have been reported from this apecies, nor are any pred~cious enemies known to work on it. The technical description of this insect follows: !ale cocoon: Quite loosly "oven; about as long as the body of the female adult; composed of waxy powder and long, thin, Curled threads, waxy L~ nature, and irridiscent; inside lined with an abundance of fine, snowy-white powder, which adhere. to all par.ts of the male insect. ~le: Lemon-yellow; with two prominent crimson or scarlet eyes which are widely separated and are located behind the base of each antenna; antennae ten segmented; long, extending to the hind coxal cavities; wings the length of the body proper; base of antennae with a crimson cast; crimson whe~e the mouth parts should be, but where two eyes, larger than the normally placed ones are located. Adult female: Moderate size; about 2 mm. long, and 1.7 mm. ;Ide; rich yellow-brown or amber color; body margins with twenty-four creamy or pinkish Orthezia-like lamellae; those toward the anter'6r end being more or less stout and triangu-lar, while those near the caudal portion are more or less re-Curved and elongate, as in figure; doesum with the waxy plates arranged as in figure; 331 Leg~nd for figures of Pseudococcus nipae (I,laskell) on right-hand page. A •••• Antenna of adult female .. B •••• Antenna of adult male. C •••• Prothoracic leg of adult female. D •••• liesothoracic leg of adult female. E •••• I.Ietathoracic leg of adult female. F ••.• Anterior spiracle. H •••• ~osterior spiracle. Adult female Pseudococcus nipae (Mask.) in situ at base of leaf. Antenna1 curves. -I I TWo adult females, male cocoon,/ and young insect of r ._ nipae. ~I ________________ _ I ~··· A Cerarus on ultimate segment. B· E \ r I H I (See legend on left-hand page .) I · . Adult female mounted: ~ with very few gland pores; antennae seven segmented- antennal formulae variable, as follows: 73(12)6(45), 72l13)6(45), 72(13)(645), 72(13)(64)5, 72l36(45);-72(14)365, 7213(64) ,5, 723(~6)45; antenna1 curve as in diagram; legs only moderately developed, but normal, this species b'ing more or less sedentary; segments variable as follows: Troohanter & Fem.r •• Tibia •••• Tarsus. Prothoracic leg •••••••••• 138 x 44 •••••• 80 x 26 •••• 56 x 24 •••• •••••••••• 141 x 44 •••••• 82 x 26 ••••••••••••••• lle*othoracic leg ••••••••• 141 x 47 •••••• 85 x 26 •••• 56 x 24 •••• •••••••.••••••••••••••••••.••••••• • 59 x 24 •••• Metathoracic 1eg ••••••••• 150 x 47 •••••• 91 x 29 •••• 59 x 24 •••• ••••••••• 153 x 47 •••••• 97 x 29 ••••• 62 x 24 •••• !piracles short and more or less cylindrical with a shallow cup-shaped disc and a slightly swollen base; anterior spiracles laterad and caudad of the anterior coxae; posterior spiracles laterad and a little caudad of the mesothoracic spiracles, being very near to them, but widely separated from the pos-terior pai~ of coxae; beak very short and )roed; body spines of the cerarical type, being conical; a few of the ordinary bOdy hairs near to and on the anal lobes; six or eight similar hairs bet,veen the bases of the antennae; and the mouth-parts; ceraricsl spines grouped as follows: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.10.11.12.13.14.15.16.17. i 303 ?????.? .. ? •. ? .. ? .• 2 •• 2 •• 2.:2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• those on the anal lobes at least always two in number; about 12 mmm. long and 3. mmm. in diameter, and with few accompany-ing gland pores; marginal cerarii composed of two widely separated conical spines, so far apart that each spine may be Considered as being a distinct cerarus; no apparent derm pores accompanying the marginal cerarical spines. Remarks: When the female was disturbed by irritating the anterior part of her body. she gave off suddenly two large bead-like drops of yellow liquid which immediately hardened on exposure to the air. A drop occurred on ~lther side of the anterior median w&Xy prominence. When touched near the pos-terior end of her body, the same result was obtained. the dropS being produced on either side of the posterior median waxy protruberance. Similar results occurred along the sides be-tween the second and third later~l waxy lamellae. Possibly each gland is supplied with a long sensory hair which extends 'bove the surface of the body. which,when touched, causes the flUid to be ejected. Caustic potash turns this secretion from its yellow color to a rich blood-red. Legend for figures of Pseudococcus ornhiverae species novo on right-hand page. A •••• Prothoracic leg of adult female. B •••• l.!esothoracic leg of adult female. C •••• Metathoracic leg of adult female. D •••• Spiracle. B •••• Antenna of adult female. (see legend on left-hand page. ) The known distribution of Missouri Coccidae.-Afberl Harold Hoffillger. Pseudococcus omniverae sp. novo. r ~Udococcu. omniverae sp, .novo. Ep;es: Golden-brown and covered with fine powdery secretion; dark orange-brown at-one end and turning dark orange brown ~ they near the hatching period; egg laying was observed on the 13th. September, 1916. r Adult female: 2 mm. to 3.5 mm. long and 1 mm. to 2 rom. wide; oval-elliptical; dor~um with a slight lateral depression cir-cumscribing theinse6t mesad :of the margins; ventrum of some also showing a similar circumscribing line just late~ad of the legs; distinctly segmented and covered with white, mealy, powdery, waxy secretion; color a dark orange bro~tn or a red-diSh-brown, and with seventeen short, stout white, lateral waxy exudations , the two caudal pairs being by far the longest. and the innermost pair the longer of these; about three times the length of those on the penultimate segment; legs and an-tennae reddish-brown, of the body color or occaSionally Eome-what darke~ than the body. Adult female mounted: 2.8 mm. long and 1.8 mID. wide; derm covered with innumerable obscurely-triangular wax pores, and innumerable body hairs; body with several spiracle-shaped glands, especially noticahle in the cephaliC and the caudal regions; antennae eight se~ented; antennal formulae slightly variable as follows: 832166(47), 832167(64), 832f16)4(67) (83)215764, S(32)15(746)r 8(32)15(74)6, 83215746, 8(32)14f57)6 t 82314(57)6. 83215467, 8 23)156'47), 8(12)35(47)6. 8(12)3(457)0. 83(12)54(67J, 823164(67). 83216476, 8(23)15764 .83(12)5764 . 82(13)57(46), 832l(57)46, 8231(54),6. 83215(67~4, 83124(67)5; ~ntennal curves characteristde as . in liagram; legs well devel-oped, the extreme measurements being as follows: Coxa'. Trochanter, FeI!1Ur. Tibia. Tarsus. -Claw. -~othoracic leg •••••••••• 94 x 141 •••• 88 x 66 ••• 94 x 141,,88 x 56.,,232 % 97,,335 % 35".97 x 32,,29 % 12 •• 123 x 129~:103 x 59~~270 xlOO::273 % 41::103 % 32::32 % 12 •• Mesothoracic leg ••••••••• lis % 147 •• 91 x 69 ••• 256 % 94 •• 258 % 41 •• 97 % 32 •• 29 % 12 •• 132 % 176 •• 118 x 68 •• 329 %106 •• 323 % 47 •• 106 x 3B •• 32 % 15 •• Metathoracic leg ••••••••• ~2 % 132 •• 100 % 62 •• 282 % 97 •• 329 % 44 •• 112 % 32 •• 29 x 12 •• 162 % 191 •• 123 x 71 •• 341 %103 •• 370 % 50 •• 118 % 35 •• 35 x 15 •• tibial spines vary from 21 mmm. to 29 mmm. in length; circum-genital type of gland pore numerous and 6 mmm. in diameter; conical spines of the anal cerarii vary from 26 ~~. to 29mmm. long; conical spines of the thoracic cerarii about 12 mmrn. long; the distribution of the eererica1 spines as follows: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.10.11.12.13.14.15.16.17. 3 •• 3 •• 8 •• 2 •• 2 •• 3 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 3 •• 1 •• 2 •• 3 •• 3 •• 3 •• 2 •• 2 •• 3 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• i) ,r: t):) d Pseudococcus omniverae species novo. - ------ --Antennal curves of adult females. ~ Cerarus of the ultimate segment. QI(.\(b I> ~~ (91) f:> f:> [) f:> V '" -~~ ~ <:j <3 <:l &> f:> G3 Cerarus of the antepenultimate segment, ~ M." ". 4~*. ~<3£l ~ ~ <::1 <:; <:3 '" <:) <::l~ I"lf> Cerarus of the penultimate segment. ~ 04 ~ g \l' e> «JS» \j1 qJ ~ tl> e. Cerarus of the fourth segment from the caudal end. if 396 # 360 1/ 369 i ; "3 •• 3 •• 3 •• 2 •• 2 •• 3 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• ? •• ? • ? •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 3 •• 4 •• 3 •• 2 •• 2.~3 •• 2 •• 2.:l •• 2 •• 2 •• l •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 3 •• 4 •• 4 •• 2 •• 2 •• 3 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• ~ •• 2 •• 2 •• 3 •• 4 •• 2 •• ~ •• 2 •• 3 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 1 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 3 •• 5 •• 3 •• 2 •• 2 •• 3 •• 3 •• 2 •• 2 •• r. •• 2 •• z •• "2 •• 2 •• ~ •• ::. •• 2 •• 3 •• 4 •• 3 •• 2 •• 2 •• 3 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• ~ •• 2 •• 2 •• 3 •• 4 •• 3 •• 3 •• ? • • 3 •• 2 •• 2 • • 2 • • 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 3 •• 3 •• 3 •• 2 •• 2 •• 3 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• ~ •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 3 •• 4 •• 3 •• 2 •• 2 •• 3 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• Z •• 2 •• 2 •• ~ •• 2 •• ~ •• 2 •• 3 •• 3 •• 3 •• 2 •• 2 •• 3 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• := 408 E. 3 •• 4 •. 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 3 •. 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• ::: •• 2 •• 2 •• :: •• 2 •. 2 •• 2 •• 3 •• 5 •• 3 •• 2 •• 2 •• 3 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• :: •• 2 • • 2 •• 2 •• 2 .. 2 .. 2 .• 3 •• 5 • • 1 •• II •• 21 •• 1- •• Z •• 2 •• Z •• Z •• 21 •• 21 •• 21 •• Z •• z .. Z •• 21 •• 3 •• 4 •• 3 •• 2 •• 2 •• 3 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •. 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• i. 396 3 •• 3 •• 3 •• 2 •• 2 •• 3 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •.• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 3 •• 4 •• 3 •• 2 •• 2 •• 3 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 3 •• 3 •• 4 •• 3 •• 2 •• 3 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 3 •• 4 •• 3 •• 2 •• 2 •• 3 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• " t 412 3 •• 3 •• 3 •• 3 •• 2 •• 3 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 3 •• 4 •• 3 •• 2 •• 2 •• 3 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 ••• 2.2 •• 2 •• t 420 3 •• 4 •• 3 •• 3 •• 2 •• 3 •• 2 •• 8 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 3 •• 5 •• 1 •• 2 •• 2 •• 3 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• ~ ~430 3 •• 4 •• 4 •• 2 •• 2 •• 3 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 3 •• 3 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 3 •• 2 • • 2 •• 2 .• 2 •• 2 • • 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• ~ •• 2 •• 2 •• Setae on the anal lobes Vf!.:ry from 129 mmm. to 171 J':llnm. lon~; Setae of the anal ring about 160 "mmm. long. ~marks: This species has been found in several places in and a.round Columbia, liissouri, and upon several hosts. It Wlls associated with the common blac~ ants in most cases, but it ltas found alone on the mint, water smartweed. and mulberry. It was generally found gregarious, under injured bark that had partly healed over, or around the crown or upper roots Of the host, where more or less protection was afforded. t) t) ... , ,) .J , Pseudococcus pseudonipae(Ckl1J Dactylopius nipae Davis (1896) (preoccupied) Dactylopius pseudonipae Ckll. (1897) Pseudococcus pseudonipae Fernald (1903) This insect was first d4scribed by Davis of the ~ichig~~ Agricultural Experinent Station as Dactylopius nipae in 1896. Maskell, however, had described a certain coccid, Dactylopius nipae, now called Pseudococcus nipae (Mask.), which differs from this one in·certain respects, and as the name Davis used was preoccupied, Cockerell renamed it in 1897 as Dactylopius pseudonipa~. because of its similarity to Uas~ells'species. This greenhous'e insect has been reported . only from Maxico, where it is native, ~~d from the followinl parts of this country, where it occurs only in greenhouses: Ulchigan, l.1assachus.etts, l~ew Jersey, California, Ohio. snd Indiana. Its only recorded food plants are cocoanut and Kentia palms. There have been no records made of parasitic or predacious enemies of this species. It appears not to be as prolific as its near rel,tive. P. nipae (l~sk.). Insect enemies may possibly have something to do with its slow rate of increase. However, it is very likely that this species does not produce as many young as does P. nipae (hlask.) The technical description follows: 3:38 Legend for figures of Pseudococcus pseudoniva~ (Okll.) on the right-hand page. A •••• Antenna of adult female. B •••• Prothoracic leg of adult female. C •••• Middle leg of adult female. D •••• Metathoracic leg of adult female. Pseudococcus pseudonipae (Ckll.) (See legend on the left-hand page.) Cerarus of penultimate segment. The known distribution of Missouri Coccidae.-Albert Harold Hollinger. Pseudococcus pseudonipae (Ckll.) EiARTON OAOE JASPER. LA'" NEwlON BARRY ~ nQN. :~ :LI Pseudococcus shaferi species novo (@J~ <:}(L ~ ~ <:] ~ ~ <3 &.. <;J ~ <0 fJ t> ~ {1l '<7 <{} Cerarus of the Cerarus of ultimate segment. the penultimate segment. The known distributi on of Missouri Coccidae.-Albert Harold Hollinger. Pseudococcus shaferi sp. novo. I Adult temale :' Moderate size; about 4 rom. long and 3 I!lI!l. wide; heavily coated 'l.vith white. Orthezia-like lamellae; body margined with a fringe of twenty-four stout,white, waxy l~~ellae. those on the posterior margin being elongate and recurved. while those on the ~nterior ::largin more or less stOU.t e.nd triangular; dorsum coverad with more or less p~TramidaL . or conical waxy protruberances; bao.y a rich cardinal or blood-red; antennae six or seven segmented; antennal for-mulae variable as follows: 712 (46)( 35), 6 (31) 254; anter..nal curve for the seven segmented form as in diagram; legs small, this species being more or less sedentary; the coxa about equal to the tarsi. a~d little longer than the trochanter; femur slightly over twice the length of the tarsus. and a little longer than the tibia; derm with relatively few. small. circular.scattered,wax pores; conical cerarical spines grouped a~ follows: u 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.10.11.12.13.14.15.16.].7. 1 301 ????? •• ? •• ? •. 1 •• 1 •• 1 •• 2 •• ? •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• ?????? •• ? •• ? •• ? •• ? •• 1 •• 1 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• those of the ultimate cerarii very stout end rather long, and approximate; seta of anal lobe about the same length as the setae of the anal ring. Pseudococcus sheferi sp. novo. ~: Brovmish; oval and with well rounded ends; observed hatching on the fifth of August. 1916. loung: Pink i sh-broiiO; flettish. and ovoid; ~dult female: 1.5 rom. to 1.8 mm. long. end .7 mm'. to 1.2 rom. Wide; brownish; covered with a thin. whitish, powdery secre-tion; derm bearing numerous body hairs of the ordinary type; in the anal region with numeroul gland ppres of the circUm-genital type. and also a few scattered spiracle-s~aped; also . many circular or obscurely-triangular wax pores; antennae relatively short and thick; eight segmented. with the antennal formulae variable as folloy,s: 81273465 8(12)73{46)5, S(12)37(56)4, 82(13)(57)(64), 8l237{45}6. 8(23)1(57)64. 82 (13) 7 ( 456 ). 8 ( 12) 3 ( 57 ) , 46) i an tenna.1 .. curves as .· in diagram; legs, :. antennae and mouth parts well developed, table showing the extreme measurements of the leg segments, as follows: a4'J PS8udococcu§ shaferi sp. novo Antennal curves of immature females. Antennal curves of adult females. \ ~'i eli (see legend on the left-hand page). Trochanter & Femur ••• Tibia ••••• Tarsus. Prothoracic 1eg •••••••••• 200 x 62 •••••• 147 x 32 •••• 77 x 29 •• •••••••••• 215 x 71 •••••• 168 x 32 •••• 82 x 32 •• l!esothorac ic leg ••••••••• 147 x 59 •••••• 1.'l x 11 •••• 74 :x: 24 •• •......•• . 229 x 71 •••••• 182 'x 35 •••• 85 x 29 •• Metathoracic 1eg ••••••••• 229 x 58 •••••• 182 x 29 •••• 88 x 26 •• ••••.•..• . 258 x 71 •••••• 212 x 35 •••• 91 x 29 •• the posterior coxae are partly alveol~ted; spiracles typically flask-shaped with a small, flat top 30 mmm. in diameter, and with a shank about 50 IIillIDl. long and a swollen base about . 22 mmm. in diameter; second pair of spiracles just laterad of the middle pair of coxae; ~~terior coxae arising about mid-way between the mouth-parts and the anterior spira.les; body with short, cylindrical glands which have circlliar to obscurely triangular pores; eerarii present, but obscure on all seg~ents except the ultimate; conical ceraric~l s~ines very narrow, as in figure; moderately long and arranged in the cerarii as follows: i285a 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.10.11.12.13.14.15.16.17. ?????.? •• ? •. ? •• ? •. 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• ?????.? •• ? •• ? •• ? •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• ~ •• ??????? •• ? •• ? •• ? •• ? •• ? •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• ????? •• ? •• ? •• ? .. 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• E •• 2 •• 2 •• 2 •• !nal lobes moderately well develo~ed, each bearing a long seta, varying from 118 I!ll11Ill. to 175 mmm. long; also a shorter seta and several ordinary body hairs in addition to the two narrow, conical spines of the ultimate cererii, and the accom-Panying scattered gland pores; setae of anal ril!lg 118 mmm. Or 120 mmm. long. ~merks: The writer names this coccid in honor of Dr. G. D. hafer of the hlichigan Agricultural Experiment Station. Pseudococcus trifolii (Forbes) £.occus trifolii Forbes (1885) ~ctYlopius trifolii Davis (1894) ~eudococcus trifolii Fernald (1903) This species was first desoribed by Forbes from Illinois in 1885. He found it on the roots of white clover ,and it receives its common name fro. its relation to its host plant. being called the clover-root mealy bug. It has be8n reported from: Delaware, Illinois. Iowa, Kentuckt, Michigan, New York, but undoubtedly occurs in other states as well. It is common on both red clover and white clover, and ,ettit (29) reports it from~ sugar beet! which were growing in fields 1ihat had been in clover the previous year. It occurs on clover near the crown of the plant, and is a rather plump, sluggish, inactive mealy b~g. ,They generally occur in colonies of individuals varying in size, the largeit being about 2.5 mm. long. Usually they are attended by ants. The writer collected some on the twenty-second of May, 1916, which were attended by common yellowish-brown ants which had made their nest around the roots of the red clover plants. Those species of ants which have been found in association with this coccid are: Lasius flavus DeG. !asius niger americanusMayr., LaRius interjectus Mayr •• and MYrmica scabrinoidis lobicornis Nyl. The ants at once cared for the mealy bugs exposed by dislOdging the clover plants by picking the insects up in their mouth-parts and hurrying down to the roots. The writer has observed the ants to en-tirely disregard plant lice which were also around the roots, and to care for the coccids instead. The clover clumps on the twenty-seventh of May, 1916, showed not the least sign Of injury. Folsom (112) reports that "unaided by other insects - . the mealy bugs often kill the clover plant. At first a few ltaves dropp,then as these wilt and die other le~ves droop, 344 until finally all are dead. No new leaves come forth. With sufficient rain, however, the plants revive if not too far gone. A drought int4nsifies the effect of.P. trifolii (Forbes) and when this coccid works in association with the clover louse, the clover~leaf weevil, the clover-root borer, the Ii~e clover-stem borer. and others, the plants~only a relatively sho~t time under the combined attacks" • .. Only two year old or older fdelds are know to ~e attadked. and then only in a sporadic way, except in ~ few localities where the coccid has obtained a strong foothold~ The worst injury is done to either volunteer or cultivated clover that has run for more than two years. Of the young from the winter female, the majority -' climb the stems of the plants add fetd from the lower surface of the leaves. They may remain for a month or longer • wan-dering around as they become older, and finally either drop off the plant or crawl ~o\v.n the stem to the roots. This migrato~y habit was apparently first noted by Folsom in 19Q9. Very likely the aerial females are fertilized by the winged males. or could parthenogenesis be possible with the under-ground forms? This species spreads but slowly, probably to a great extent being transferred by the ants from one plant to another or from one part of the field to another. It is an insect of only minor iTIll1ort@'-le in th1B ate-to. No natura.l enem1ee of thl~ m~'ly 'bug hflva aa yet been reported. There are probabll more than two son.ratione Of this speoies ~ year, ~or it takes only six weeks for a 345 Legemd for the figures of Pseudococcus trifolJ (Forbes) on the right-hand page. A •••• Antenna of adult winter female. B •••• Anterior spiracle. C •••• Posterior spiracle. D •••• Prothoracic leg of adult winter female. E •••• Mesothoracic leg of adult winter female. F •••• Metathoracic leg of adult winter female. ~seudococcus trifolii (Forbes) c ~tennal curves of adult (See legend on left-hand page. ) Cerarus of ultimate segment. The known distribution of Missouri Coc~idae.-.tllbert Harold Hollinger. Pseudococcus trifolii (Forbes) I complete life cycle. The technical description of this species is as follows: Eggs :. Pale yellow; laid in a mass of fluffy, waxy threads; from 60 to 100 in n~ber. Young: From winter females about twice as long as broad; ,ovoid; flattish; antennae six segmented. lLale larva: 'lihen about one-half or one-third the siz:e of the adult female, it crawls up to some part of the plant above ground, forming a fluffy cocoon, coming out in about one week as a winged male. }~le: ~as first described by Davis of Uichigan; a emall, two winged insect with two long, white anal filaments; two puirs of dark reddish eyes; delicate, milky-white wings; body sur-face thinly co~ered with a White 'powder; head. thorax, and tV10 basal anten..11al segments of a deeper red than the abdomen; legs and other segments • .§.um.~er female: Adapted from (112) .Pettit's description: slightly more than two mm. long; reddish-bro'Nn; covered with mealy secretion; usually seventeen waxy processes fringe-like around the body; those near the a11al end much longer then those near the head, being about one-third the length of the body; antennae eight segmented; the first segment SWollen, anI globular. with equal diameters; the first, sec-ond end third are sub-equal; the fourth, fifth, sixth and Beventh slightly longer than the second or the third, ~11d SUb-equal; the eighth usually longer than the fifth 'plus the BiRth; the fourth segment with considerable variation, being Sometimes smaller than the fifth. sixth, or seventh and Sometimes slightly larger; legs dirty-yello~; the tibia of the metathoracic leg slightly lese than twice as long as the tarsus, but about the same length as the femur; anal lobes not prominent; with many small wax 'pores. and a long hair 1n addition to several short onee; cerarii of the anal lobes each bearing two conical e'pmnes. which are about two or three t1mes as long as the basal diameter; derm dotted with small, . ~Ound, pores; dorsum near the caudal margin with many cir-. C~enital type of ,land 'pore. !inter female: About 2.5 mm. long and 1.5 mm. wide; elli.pti-Cal and well rounded at both ends; qu~te robust, being nearly c1rcular in diameter; covered with a thin. 'powdery secretion; ~ennae seven segmented; antennal formulae variable as fol-lOwe: 712(46)(35). 712(46)35, 7124(36)5, 7126(34)5. 7(12)64(3£) : '1123645; e..11tennal curves as in diagram; I15gS rather emaIl; t1ee . i Qoxa as long as the trochanter; femur, ti ia, and tarsus sub-~ eqUal; spiracles small; so~ewhat cylindrical. with a narrow !Cal>; cerarical spines presen~ only on the ultitlate BegmQnt. Adult Pulvinaria amygdali Ckll. natural size in situ on leaves. Adult female Pulvinaria amy~dali Ckll. greatly enlarged in situ on gooseberry leaves. and two in number; rather slender and with numerous accompany-ing gland pores, a few of which are circular, and apparently . without the usual sieve-like oYJening's; ' anal lobes no:b greatly produced; setae of the anal ring and of the enl.l lobes sub-equal. Genus Pulvinaria Targ. This genus was described end established by Targiona-Tozzetti in 1869. It has a synon~~ in the name Fulvinella Hemp. The type species of this genus is F. vitia (Linn.) Its generic caaracters are: Adult female: Mouth-parts present; abdominal spiracles absent; naked or with a fluffy. cottony secretion; anal ring with eight hairs; extremity of -abdomen cleft; anal opening closed by a pair of triangular dorsal plates; tarsi one ~ointed; producing an abundance of white, cottony secretion to form an ovisac at the caudal extremity, which tilts the body at quite an angle to the surface on which it feeds. The two species of this genus which are knO\VD to occur in this state, may be distinguished by the characters given in the following synoptic key: A ••••• Body of adult female naked; color dflrk-brown to blaok; third segment of the antennae less than 75 m~. : long; occUrring .. ' on branches, never on leaves •••••• . •••••••••••••••••••• Pulvinaria vitia (Linn.) !A •••• Body of edult female covered with fine fluffy hairs; ochreous to yellow-brown; third segment of the antennae longer than 75 mrnm.; occurring on leaves, rarely on the twigs •• Pulvinaria amygdali Ckll. Pulvinaris Srnygdall Ckll. This species was described by Cockerell in 1896 from Pinos Altos, New llexico, on peach, at an altitude of BeVen thousand feet. It has since been found in California and Georgia, and attacks peach, apple, plum aQd prune trees. Legend for the figures of Pulvinaria amygdali Ckll. on the right-hand page. A •••• Antenna of adult female. B •••• Anterior spiracle. C •••• Posterior spiracle. D •••• Prothoracic leg of adult female. E •••• ~esothoracio leg of adult female. F •••• Uetathoracic leg of adult female. H •••• Spiracular spines of adult female. I •••• Uultiserrate marginal spine of adult female. L •••• Trifid marginal spine of adult female. M •••• Simple marginal spine of adult female. O •••• Anal ring and anal plates of adult female. Antennal curves of adult female Pulvinaria amygdali Ckll. (See legend on left-hand page.) The known distribution of Missouri Coccidae.-.,""fberL I/amid Holli1lger. Pulvinaria amygdali Cockerell. It passes the winter as a partly grovm ~emale, and in the spring it secretes its cottony ovisac and fluf~y body coyering. The young principally settle upon the leaves, but some have been found on the stems and tender shoots of the gooseberry bushes, their host plant in llissouri. Before the leaves fall, they migrate to the twigs and branches and pass the winter in such places. Migration occurs again in the spring, but this time from the shoots and twigs to the leaves, altho a few will remain on the branches. There is but one brood a year. Parasites attack it to quite an extent. The tecrillical description of this species is as follows: Adult female: About 4 rom. long, and 2.5 mm. wide; elliptical; broadly rounded at the cephalic end, and slightly truncate at the caudal extremity; slightly convex; after oviposition much '''Irinkled transversely; yello'lVisn-brown to ochreous; generally quite thickly covered with fine, white. cottonl filaments; body not greatly tilted from the feeding surface; ovisac and ingect from 8 mm. )0 10 mm. long, five mm. wide and 3 rnm. high; not nearly so conves o~ compact as in P. vItia (Linn.) Cottony material apparently finer; nearly full-sIzed on the third June, 1916; generally on the undersides of the leaves, and singly located; sometimes two or three adult fe-males on the same leaf, and an occasional female found on the ~etioles of the leaves and on the shoots. !dult female mounted: Bodies turn light chestnut-brown when boiled in 10',; KOH; 4.2 mm. long and 2. 6 nun. wide; derm straw colored; antennae eight segmented, with the thrra-seg-ment the longest, and the sixth or seventh the shortest; formulae variable as follows: 35124867, 32415867, 3(14)25867, ~26(14)867, 31245867, 31245876, 3(24)(15)867, 321548(67); §ntennal curve shovm by graphic representation; legs well developed; extremes of measurements as follows: Prothoracic leg •••••• ~~2i::13~::~41Ff~15::~!~::1~2::3~::~~~: ••••••• 156 •• 153 •• 264 x 132 •• 294 •• 126 •• 41 •• 79 •• llesothoracic leg •••••• 147 •• l53 •• 279 x 118 •• 250 •• 109 •• 41 •••••• ••••••• 176 •• 176 •• 335 x 158 •• 272 •• 132 •• 41 •••••• Metathoracic leg •••••• 132 •• l56 •• 253 x 106 •• 241 •• 115 •• 41 •••••• ••••••• 196 •• 176 •• 318 x 126 •• 265 •• 121 •• 41 •••••• coxa. with a long spine-like hair on its inner upper angle; trochanter with a similar long hair; ~emur with a shorter hair on its inner side near the base; spiracles with a large, circular, cup-shaped disc and a rather narrow shank; With . the base expanding and with severe.l small arches; rather large· marginal spines either sin~le, tri~id or multi-serrate; moder-' ately large; ep~racular spines with the media~ one about twice the length of the outer pair and more or less bluntly rounded at their apices; ~ plates varying ~r4m 150 rmmn. to 168 mmm. long, and ~rom 194 rrlJl1.ffi. to 218 mmm. broad; each plate with well rounded caudo-lateral margin; lateral margin about three-fourths the length of the caudo-lateral margin; two fringe setae on each plate, the outer somewhat the longer; also two discal setae, two sub-apical setae, three apical setae, and one hypopigial seta. Remarks: This species is exceedingly local, having been found only on and near one gooseberry bush on the Agricultural College Campus of the University of l!issouri. They were close to the ground and only a few feet from one of the main thoroughfairs. It was well shad.ed by a·high hedge of osaBe orange upon which Occurred some Asuidiotus toxycrataegii sp. novo_, Lecanium spp., and Pnl viTIeria vijfis (Linn - ) Pulvinaria vitis (Linn.) (Figured but not nruned or described by Reaum in 1734). Qoccua vitia Linn. (1758) £hermea ob1ongua Geoff. (1762) Q..hermea vitia Fourc. (1785) £.alyPticua spumoaua Coata (1835) Coccua of the vine Curtia (1835) ~occua innumerabi1ia Rathv. (1854) &ecanium vitia Fitch (1856) ~ecanium acericorticia Fitch (1859) ~lvinaria vitia (1869) Targ. ~canium acere11a Rathv. (1876). .' .. Pulvinaria vitis (Linn.) on two rare host plants, Spiraea prmnifolia and Euonymus amerioanns. (greatly enlarged) The known distrihution of Missouri Coccidae.-Albert Harold Hollil/ger. Pulvinaria vitis (Linn.) Pulvinaria innumerabilis Putn. (1879) Pulvinaria persicae Hey/st. (1892) Lecanium maclurae Fitch (1855) Pulvinaria maclurae Ckll. (1894) Pulvinari/). innumerabilis occidentalis Ckll. (1897) Iulvinaria occidentalis King (1901) Pulvinaria innumerabilis tiliae King & Ckll. (1898) .··· Pulvinaria tiliae King (1901) Pulvinaria hunteri King (1901) Pulvinaria simplex King (1902) This species is commonly called the cottony m.:.;.ple scale, because of the ~bundanee of white material it secretes to form its ovisac. At maturity it is the most conspicuous of any of the indigenous coccids. It attac~e many of our shade trees, among which the soft maple and box elder seem to oe the preferred host plants. The earliest account of this species in this country is that by Rathvon who first found ij on linden trees in 1854 in Pennsylvania. It has, however, been kno\7ll for almost two centuries in Europe, and the above list of synonyms indicates its v~ri~bility of color, size, and also its importan~e as Well as its conspicuousness. It is ~arely if ever injurious to the scattering forest trees, but is at times very destructive to them when they are gfown along city streets, in parks, or in private estates, so that its control has become of prime import cnce. ~he reason why this pest appears to prefer shade trees under city conditions is not well knO\nl, but it may be due to the artificial conditions to which the trees are subjected. or to the absence of parasites and other enemies of this insect. The outbreaJcs are more or less· sl)Ore,dic thruout the United States, and in all cases its natural enemies have subsequently increased with sufficient rapidity to effectively control its ravages ruld check its progress. This species is preeminently a species of the Upper Austral Zone, but it is sometimes found in the ~ransition lone. Those states from which it has been reported are; California, Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Kansas, Louisiana, Maryland. Massa-chusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Nebraska, OhiO, Oregon, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, 1~e~1 York, North Carmlina. Texas, Utah. Virginia, Wisconsin, West Virginia. Tennessee, and Washington. llost of the reports of serious injury have come from those states or parts of states north of the 40th. paral-lel of latitude. where it seems to be attacked by fewer para-sites·than in the southern portion of its range. It has also been reported from: Canada. Switzerland. Europe. and from Hew 1:exico. Its host plants are trees, shrubs, and vines, and this partly accounts for its wide distribution. It will at-tack over fifty species of plants, among which are: Apple, beech, currant, elm, gooseberry, grape, hackberry, linden, box-elder,. maple, oak, willow, poplar, hawthorn, sycamore, locust, mountqin ash, osage orange, mulberry, poison ivy, pear, persirn.rnon, plum, peach, snowberry, smoke tree, roee', wistaria, woodbine, Virginia creeper, pawpaw, bittersweet, sumach, ash, horse chestnut, honey suckle, and tru1ll];)et creeper, Some plants serve as a host during the summer, but do not appear to over-winter the insect. \'leed mentioned: Spiraea, Philadelpcus, Cornus, Ribas, Hydrangea, Rtldbeckia, Syringa, and Viburnum. However, the writer has found over-wintering females on a few of these plants, so that the list as given can not be considered as entirely correct. In the early spring the young females grow very rap-idly, caving increased their size about four times that of the hibernating form. This is mainly due to the large number of eggs deyeloping within the bodies. In late llay and early June in this latitude, the insect suddenly becomes quite con-spicuous on account of the white cottony mass which is formed under the caudal end of its body. These large white ovisacs resemble pop-corn strung along the twigs. The wax:tJ threads are quite adcesive to one another and to foreign material. During the spring of 1916 the writer observed the first ovisacB on silver maple trees at Columbia, Missouri, on the twenty-fifth of Uay, and became , much more apparent in early June. Egg-laying extends over almost the entire period of cottony wax secretion, ar-d is accomplished by the involuntary crowding of the developing eggs. The number of eggs laid in each ovi-Sac is enormous, varying from about three hundred to over three thouse~d eight hundred fifty, with an average of_~bout three thousand four hundred. The eggs ordinarilly hatch in late June in this latitude, but the time varies with the season. The young remain in the ovisacs for a day or so, and then migrate to the leaves, where they fee~ generally from the lower surface on either side of the veins. There are some that may settle on the upper surface or on tender tWigs. The young on box elder appear to beco~e active in advance of those on sooe of the other plants. This may be due to the nature of the food or to · the les.s dense shao.e of the host, allowing more heat and light to pass to the twigs and bra.."'1ches. After the insect begins feeding. the legs and !:mtenna9 are ' closely folded to the body. A thin waxy test begins to form over the body s~rface. Sometimes a secretion called honey-. dew is given off by these coccids in abunda..~ce, and thts ' often smears the leaves and pla~ts under the insects. With trees badly infested, the leaves soon turn pale, and may fall prematurely, and often the large branches succQmb or the entire tree may be killed. Vlhen the sap ceases to flow into the leaves, which Occurs in this latitude sometime luring October, the gravid females migrate to the twigs where they over-winter,. insert-ing their beaks and feeding. They remain more or less in a torpid condition thruout the dormant season, but start rapid development during the following April. This insect is usually held in check by its many natural enemies. Of the predacious forms attacking it, the fol-lowing are reported: English sparrow and other birds, certain mites, Chrysopa spp. larvae, Reduviidae nYI!lphs, Corizus spp.-nymphs, certain lady-bird beetles: Chilocorous bivulnerus, Hyperaspis bigeminita, H. binotata, H. signata, Rhizobius ventr8.lis. and the caterpillar Lgetilia coccidivora Com'st. The most effective control, however, i8 the result of the "'vorlc of the followi::l5 Sl)ecies of !,arasi tes: Coccophagus lecanii Fitch, C. flavoscutellum Ashm., Co~ys ftlsc u HOW., J'.,l)hycus pulvin~riae _Eow, Atro'0atis collini How., Ennotus lividus Ashm., Cheiloneurus albicornis, and Eicroterys flavus How. Forbes (65) has summed up the control measures as follows: " The most useful insecticide is kerosine ermllsion which, if used in sQ~mer, should not contian more than ten per-cent or possibly twelve and one-half percent kerosine oil. ' and if used in winter. not more than sixteen to eighteen per-cent. As a summer spray, this emulsion must be used twice in succession, with a ten-day interval between the sprayings. The first application lIIUst be made when about one-half of the eggs are hatched, and the second at about the end of the hatching period. Two treatments with ten percent kerosine oil e~ulsion applied to badly infested trees in Chicago. illinois, the first on July eleventh, and the second on July twentieth, 1905. destroyed 82 % of the coccids. A single treatment July eleventh destroyed 64 %. and one on July nineteenth 68%. A similar treatment on July third, killed only 33 % Of the pests". np/single tre~tment in v/inter with nineteen or twenty per-cent emulsion destroyed more coccids than two su~~er treatments with a ten per-cent emulsion, the percentages of killed varying from 86 % to 91%". 358 Antenna1 curves of adult females. P(/[XDIARIA V rT [ ~ (Linn.). (A) antenna. XlIO; (Ill hind leg, XllO; (C) anal ring, XIIO. (D) marginal and splrac-ular spines. XllO; (E) anal piaLos. XlJO; CF) d; the first segment short and thick; the second large and globular; the third small and somewhat triangular; the fourth the longest; the fifth to the nineth decreasing progressively in length; the tenth slightly longer than the nineth; the third to the tenth more .or less roughened and sub-equal in diameter; all segments thickly covered with slender hairs, longer than the diameter of the segments; the tenth segment with three knobbed hairs longer than the segment, and with three siwple curved hairs about twice the length of the seg-ment. Adult female: RatAer large; about 5 m~. to 7 mm. long, and 3 mm. to 5 mm. wide; ovoid; variable in color from reddish-brown to almost black, and sometimes more or less olive-green; anten.l1ae eight segmented, the third generally the longest but sometimes sub-equal to the second and the fourth; the sixth and seventh sub-eoual; antennal formulae variable as follows: 2341(58)67, 234r8l)576, 32148576, 3(21)485(76), 34(28)15(76), 3248l576( 342(18)576, 348(12)576, 348(12)5{67), 341(28)5(76), 342(18)5 76), (34)12l5SJ(76), 3421(58)(76), (34)(12)8876, 3(24)185(76), 34(12)85(76); . antennal curves as in diagram; leras small in comparison to the size of the adult; coxa about two-thirds the length of the trochanter plus the femur; tibia about twioe as long as the tarsus and but little shorter than the trochanter pl~s tb& femur; marginal spines rather stout, simple; about 38 mmm. long; . spiracftlar spines bluntly rounded, stout, and with the median one about 100 mmm. long and about three times the length of the outer pai~; ~ plates with the caudo-lateral margin longer than the cephalo-lateral margin; fringe setae in two groups of two; sub-apioal setae two in number. and four apical setae; anal ring with eight hairs. Genus Saissetia Deplanch~ This genus was established in 1865 by Deplanches with Saissetia hemisphaerica (Targ.), formerly Lecenium £offeae Sign., as the type species. This genus has a synonym in the na~e Bernardia Ashm. This genus was separated from the old genus Lecanium Burm. due to the following characters: ;JUI Adult female: Strongly convex; nearly hemispherical; mouth pants present; abdominal spiracles absent; anal ring fringed wi th -- -eight hairs; dorsal triangular anal plates present; abdomen caudally cleft; derm closely cro'illded with large circular or oval gland pores; median spiracular spine more than twice as long as the outer ones. The two species of Saissetia known to occur in l.1issouri may be separated by the following synoptic key: A ••••• Antennae normally seven segmented; dorsum without ridges; derm pores widely separated ••••••••••• ••••••••••••••• Saissetia hemisphaerica (Targ.) AA •••• ~\ntennae normally eight segmented; dorsum with two transverse and one longitudinal carinae, forming the letter "H"; derm pores approximate •••••••• ••••••••••••••• Saissetia oleae (Bernard) Saissetia hemisphaerica (Targ.) Lecenium hemisphaericum Targ. (1867) Chermes anthurii Bdv. (1867) Chermes filicum Bdv. (1867) Chermes hibernaculorum Bdv. (1867) Lecanium anthurii Sign. (1868) Lecanium filicum Pack. (1869-70) Lecanium hybernacul"orum Targ. (1869) Lecanium coffeae Sign. (1873) Lecanium hibernaculorum Sign. (1873) Lecanium beaumonliae Dougl. (1887) Lecanium clypeat~~ Dougl. (1888) Lecanium hemisphaericum hibernaculatorum Ckll. (1894) Lecanium hemisphaericum filicum Green (1897) Lecanium coffeae hibernaculatorum Ckll. & Parrott (1899) Lecanium coffeae clypeatu_~ Ckll. & Parrott (1899) Saissetia beaumontiae Ckll. (190l) Saissetia anthurii CR:II. (1902) Saissetia filicum King (1902) Saissetia hemisphaeriea Ckll. (1902) Coccus coffeae Kir~a1day (1902) This common greenhouse pest was first described by Targionie in 1867. It h~s undergone much synono~y, as the above list indicates. It is commonly called the hemispherical scale. Comstoc~ first noticed it in this country in the District of Columbia. It is almost world-wide in its distribution, having been reported from: Europe, New Zealand, Australia, Mauritius, Hawaiian Islands, Galapagos Islands. Brazil, llexico, TIest Indies, Trinidad, Antigua, Montserrat, Peru, Jamaica, Demerara, British Guiana, England and Irel~nd, and in this country from: California, lmssachusetts, Pennsylvania. Louisiana, Wisconsin, . Indiana, Ohio. Mississippi, Vlashington, District of Columbia. Kansas, and Hew Jersey ~ It likely occurs in man~T other places. The food plants of this species are very numerous: Anthurium spp., aloe, orchids. grass, Beaumontia grandiflora, peach. orange, ole~~der, coffee, ~amia spp., Ardisia spp., Grevillea spp., Gardenia spp., Brexia spp., sago palm, ferns, Adiantum capillus-veneris, Bryophyllum calycr'inium, Asparagus plumosa, citron, grape-fruit. guava, mountain holly, lemon, rose, pepper tre e, Crotun variegatum, palms, Areea catechu, Chrysanthemum, lxora coccinea, Asparagus officicnalie, Plumieria spp., Baccharis spp., Tessaria spp., Bignonia stans, Saissetia hemisphaerioa (Targ.) Fig. 7. Anal plates. Dorsal derm. Fig. 8. Spiracular and marginal spines. (after Sanders, 76) Fig. 9. Antenna. (after Thro, 53) The known distribution of Missouri Coccidae.-Albert Harold Hoi/inger. Saissetia hemisphaerica (Targ,) I l} (' q .) },) Camellia spp •• Eranthernum spp., Cocos spp., Chrysophyllum spp •• Diospyros spp., Psidium spp., and Cycas revoluta. Where this insect occurs native and massed on its host plents. parasitism occurs to a large extent. The egg-p.srasite Seutellista lates. XllO. (el hYPol>igial setae. XllO; (D) mar~inal and spiracular spiof's. XllO; (E) antpnna, XIIO; (F) anal ring, X200; (G) derm pores amI surface spines ncar anal plates, X110 (after R. E. Snodgrass, 119) The known distribution of Missouri Coccidae.-Albert Harold Hol/inger. Dorsal derm and anal plates. (after Sanders, 76) Toumeyella liriodendri (Gmel.) I a-.ftTON JASPER N(WTON M nON. warty apperaance on . the -twigs. Due to lack of-material from which to make a description, the following technical description is adapted from (119): Adult female: Rather large; from 4 to 7 mm. long; nearly circular; very convex; surface irregular, fairly heavilt chitinizeel with a heavier chitinized portion surrounelinP.' the anal plates; antennae more or less ruelimentary; sometimes indistinctly siz or less segmented; with six a)ical hairs. and a single sub-apical hair; legs very short anel stout, being more or less rudimentt:try; empodial hairs not longer than the claw; pores small, circular and widely scattered except around the anal plates; ~ with setae of two lengths; marginal spines small; stout; set in distinct chitinous thick-enings ; spiracular spines short and stout, and all about the same size; hypopigia1 setae present, about sixteen in number; anal plates triangular; about twice as long as broad; the cephalo-lateral margins distinctly longer than the caudo-lateral margins; with one large fringe seta on each side; with the sub-apical setae forming an elongate cluster with about seven in number; apical setae three in number; anal ring with ten hairs. '- -Genus Trionymus Berg. This genus was established in 1899 by Berg to in-clude a species of coccid that had been known under the generic ne,mes of Westwoodia, Signoretia, Bergrothia, and Bergrothielle. In fact, it was originally described by Signoret as :'1est'\voodia perrissii Sign. However, the generic names were preoccupied, so its present name was established. In 1899 Cockerell established Pergaddiella as the genus name of this group, probably overlooking Berg I s record. Eo\veyer, all of the above generiC names are s~monyt'ls of Trionymus Berg. The technical charaeters of this genlls are as fol-lows: ') ~ r: d ,,) Adult female: With a long, parallel-sided body; antennae eight segmented; stouter and shorter than in the other mealy bugs; eyes ' present; anal ring with six large bristles; mentum short-no pro jecting caudal . lobes; legs 11resent; abdominal spira.cles.' absent; abdomen without posterior anal cleft; no dorsal trian-gular anal piates present. . The type species is T. perrissii (Sign.) The main distinguishing character of this genus which separates from other mealy bugs is the long, parallel-sided body. Only one species of this genus is known to occur in hlissouri, and its synoptic characters are as follows: A. ••••• Adul t female elongate; antennae eight segmented; anal lobes undeveloped; cerarii present only on the ultimate and the lJenul ti!l1ate segments of the abdo-men; cerarical spines of the ultimate cerarii broe,d anA short ••••• Trionymu:.§. americanus (Ckll. ) Trionymus americanus (Ckll.) Pergandiella a:-nericana Ckll. (1899) Trion~Jus R~ericanus Fernald (1903) This species was first found in 1898 by Fergande who recognised it as a new species, but he left it to Cockerell to write up and publish the first and only account of it. ::Pergande's notes are of interest (21): "l!-'ound in • cracks of bark on the trunk of an ash on the Agriculture.l Department grounds three specimens of a species of ·~;:estwoodi&. one of them still cra1vllng about lIovember fourth, 1898; the others wewe infested by a hymenopterons parasite 1 tho both Were still living. The active female was very slender. about 4 I!D.. long by 1 InITI . in dia.'1leter. of a brovmish-red color. but covered with a mealy secretion which gave it a gre.yish or mouldy appe8.rance. The other tV/O were, in addition to the 37fJ TrlonymuB amerioanuB (Okll.' Oerarus of the CerarUB of the Cerarus of the ultimate segment. (immature female). ultimate segment. penultimate segment. ( adult female ) The known distribution of Missouri Coccidae.-.Albert Harold Holli1lger. Trionymus amerioanus (Ckll.) I '} ""' » , I mealy substance, covered lNi th a wooly secretion containing eggs and young larvae of this species, a.ll of which were of a pale purplish color." From this tit is . alJpareut that T. americanlJ_s (Ckll.) over-winters in ~'lashingtont District of Columbia, in the r..~Tmphal stage. In hlissouri this species winters in the egg stage, for the writer has collected the' · oviposi tine fenales in the fall; end the eggs he,d not he.tched by the ~iddle of the next ~pril. Cockerell states (21) that the insect is arboreal, while T. perrissii (Sign.), a closely related sl>ecies, and known only fro m France, feeds on grasses. He assumed that because T. americanus (Ckll.) was found upon the bark of an ash tree. it was its host ple,n~. Observations by the writer • <-lead him to believe that this species is primarilly a grass coccid, from the following records tabulated in 1916: "This species was collected in four different localities in and aro1Ll1d Columbia, l.1issouri, during the summer, occurring on several species of grasses, being most abundant on Setaria glauca. They filled all the leaf-sheath. :; with their long, fluffy, cotto, oVisacs. . All stages from the egg to the adult female were found at the same tine. On the nineteenth of October, 1916, the writer observer the same species as-cending the trunks of box elder, catalpa, and oak in goodly numbers, probably having been driven from their erussy homes by a cold, wet spell of weather. Blue grass sod surrounded the trees on the campus, and undoubtedly they came out of that material, the writer having previously collected them from blue grass sod ee.rlie fa in the season. They were seeking hiberhation places on the bark of the trees irr the crevices /" of which they form their ovisacs. Those adults which were brought into the laboratory in a vial soon 'began the forma- ' tion of their ovisacs. 1f From this, it is apparent that the trees act principally as protective shelters to this species. ' :~'hether or not' the first generation feeds olll the sap of the various trees, the writer can not definitely say, but judging from .Pergan4e's notes, this might be inferred, bu.t it is yet to be prciven. The type specimen of this species is spmew~at small-er th~~' the ones the writer studied. The technical description of T. americanus (Okl1.) is as follows: " ~: About .5 mm. 10n~ and .25 rom. in diameter; oval-ellipt~cal; brownish-purple; imbedded in a loose, white, cottony ovi-sac between the leaf-sheath ahd the stem; always about an :tnch', or·.··so :·labove ~ ee.

The Coccidae of Kansas V

Abstract

Extracted data

The Coccidae of Kansas V

Abstract

Extracted data

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