Reference Group Perspective on State Behaviour: A Case Study of Estonia's Counterterrorism Policies

This is an author-produced PDF of an article accepted for publication following peer review. The publisher version is available on its site.For over a decade Estonia has been untouched by terrorist violence. However, notwithstanding the lack of a viable terrorist threat, the Estonian government adopted extensive counterterrorism measures. What explains the scope of Estonia’s counterterrorism measures? The main proposition of this article is that the content of states’ counterterrorism policies is shaped by the types of responses adopted by their reference groups. The evidence examined in the study demonstrates that Estonia’s primary reference groups, NATO and the EU, have influenced the republic’s counterterrorism programme. An unattractive target to terrorists, Estonia adopted broad counterterrorism responses to defend indivisible Euro-Atlantic security and to protect democratic values that terrorists attempt to destroy