Congruence between citizens and governments in Europe: A multidimensional approach

This study analyses congruence across various issues in 20 European democracies. Making use of public opinion and expert survey data, our analyses show that congruence between the po-licy preferences of citizens and the stances of governments is much more complex than what is revealed by studies focusing on ideology solely. Size and directions of incongruence are larger and more systematic on specific issues than on the left-right scale. On redistribution, citizens are more to the left than their governments, while popular support for European integration is systematically lower among citizens than among their representatives. Moreover, the relatively poor are particularly underrepresented on redistribution, while the preferences of the relatively lower educated are not well reflected in government preferences in relation to European inte-gration. We interpret these results as being partly linked to a representation gap with privile-ged social groups enjoying higher levels of congruence with their government