Programming Musical Experience: Programs' effects on responses to music

Program notes are ubiquitous at Western art music concerts, but their effects on listener experience remain unclear. While understanding and emotional response are positively affected by programs, positive and negative effects of programs have been observed for enjoyment. Across two studies, this thesis explores attitudes towards program notes, and their influences on responses to music. To identify differences between regular and new listeners, each study featured equal numbers of musician and music novice participants. The first study involved semi-structured interviews with 16 participants. Topics covered included participants' conceptions of programs, informational preferences, the role programs played in their musical experiences, and areas where programs required improvement. Interviewees' responses indicated a strong demand for program notes. Music novices and musicians displayed differences in informational preference, and different conceptualisations of how programs contributed to musical engagement. Information which facilitated engagement was most commonly appreciated; practical details were also popular. Several participants noted that programs could restrict freedom of interpretive response. Suggested improvements to programs included making them easier to memorise, and incorporating alternative methods of communicating program information, including pre-concert lectures and "verbal programs". The second study involved 32 musicians and music novices, listening to four music excerpts, each heard under a different informational condition (no program, a title, a title and a program, and a fake program). A significant positive effect of programs on understanding was observed, while no effect on liking or interest was noted. These studies indicate programs are popular, and fulfil multiple functions. They can significantly increase understanding, provide guidance, facilitate engagement, inform readers of extra-musical references, and help orient listeners. Future research should investigate how programs' contributions in each of these areas affects musical experience, and explore new approaches to communicating programmatic information