Ius ad bellum i ius in bello u ranoj islamskoj civilizaciji

Ovaj članak ima za cilj povećati znanje o ranom islamskom međunarodnom pravu, uključujući znanje o prirodi islamskog ratnog prava u ranoj fazi islama. U članku se razmatra mogući pravni sukob između normi islamskog božanskog prava i islamske jurisprudencije kao posljedice tumačenja normi božanskog prava od strane čovjeka kao Božjeg agenta na zemlji. U tom potencijalnom pravnom sukobu članak razmatra interakcije između zakona rata i zabrane nasilja u islamu, što postaje iznimno važno za bolje razumijevanje “zatvorenoga kruga nasilja” u islamu, što je danas evidentno.The contemporary legal and political debate on Islamic law is, for the most part, related to global violence and studied within the matrix of global Islamic terrorism. In these academic and political discussions, the ascertaining of violence in Islam is done mainly in relation to Islamic law –Shari’ah and Fiqh— which are not part of divine Islamic law, but primarily legal rules established through the interpretation of divine Islamic law by God’s human agent on earth. The interpretation of divine law by a human agent can lead to error in interpretation and application of its norms, particularly in regard to the Islamic law of war. The potential legal conflict between the norms of Islamic divine law and their human interpretation can produce a high level of legal confusion which could lead to political turmoil in Islamic countries. Due to the effects of the constant internal social and political reforms of Islam and the external influences of powerful early non–Islamic civilizations, the norms of the Islamic law of war are constantly and increasingly becoming more flexible in their meaning and interpretation. The norms of the Islamic law of war have been acquiring a different meaning, not without major political implications, since the early period of Islamic development until today, particularly in the teachings of numerous legal schools such as: Hanafi, Hanbal, Maliki and Shafi’i within Sunni Islam and Jafari within Shia Islam, and in the teachings of famous Islamic jurists (Abu Bakr, al–Mawardi, Abu Hanifah, Al Shafi, Muhammad al Shaybani, al–Kulaynī Al–Rāzī, Al–Tabari..). Also, the rules of Islamic law of war, as part of the Islamic legal system (haqq), can gain a different meaning in decision–making processes (shura) by using consensus (ijma), consultation, inventiveness (talfiq), and analogy of the Quranic verses (kiyas), as a method of understanding Islamic law, in theological (mujtahid) interpretations of the Qur’an