The morphology of the Kajkavian dialect of Podravina

Rad obuhvaća opis morfološkoga sustava govorâ podravskoga kajkavskog dijalekta kojima je glavna značajka mjesto naglaska ograničeno na posljednja dva sloga riječi ili naglasne cjeline. Analizirana je dijalektološka građa iz ukupno 22 mjesna kajkavska govora koji se zemljopisno nalaze na sjeveru Hrvatske. Govori podravskoga kajkavskoga dijalekta čuvaju niz arhaičnih osobina u morfološkome sustavu – očuvan je supin; posebni oblici za dativ, lokativ i instrumental množine (u većini govora); većim je dijelom očuvan - nastavak u genitivu množine imenica e vrste; stari oblik genitiva zamjenice za neživo česa (osim na istoku područja); u većini je govora u prezentu glagola nastavak -jo / -j ograničen na V. vrstu (uz neka manja odstupanja). S druge strane, ti su govori doživjeli i brojne promjene u morfološkome sustavu, kao i većina govora kajkavskoga narječja – gubitak dvojine (uz očuvan tek pokoji reliktni primjer uz brojeve dva, tri, četiri); smanjenje broja sklonidbenih obrazaca; ujednačivanje glagolskih i imenskih osnova smanjenjem broja alternacija; dokidanje razlike kategorije živo i neživo u A jd. sklonidbe imenica a vrste m. r.; gubitak aorista, imperfekta i glagolskoga priloga prošlog na -v, -vši; jedan futur.This article contains a description of the morphological system of the varieties of the Podravina Kajkavian dialect, whose main characteristic is that the place of stress is limited to the last two syllables of a word or accentual unit. It analyses dialectological data from a total of 22 Kajkavian local varieties geographically located in the north of Croatia. Local varieties of the Podravina Kajkavian dialect have preserved a number of archaic characteristics in the morphological system: the supine; special forms of the dative, locative, and instrumental plural (in most varieties); the zero ending in the genitive plural of e-type nouns (for the most part); and the old form of the genitive pronoun for non-living things česa (except in the eastern part of the region). In most varieties of the dialect, the present verb ending -jo / -j is limited to type V (with some minor deviations). On the other hand, these varieties have also undergone numerous changes in their morphological systems, as have most varieties of the Kajkavian dialect group. These include the loss of the dual (except for a few surviving forms accompanying the numbers dva ‘two’, tri ‘three’, and četiri ‘four’); a reduction in the number of declinations; the simplification of verb and noun base forms by a reduction in the number of alternations; the loss of distinction between living and non-living in the accusative singular of a-type masculine nouns; the loss of the aorist, the imperfect, and the past participle ending in -v, -vši; and the reduction to one future tense. In addition to those innovative features which have become common to a great majority of Kajkavian varieties and dialects, the Podravina Kajkavian dialect also features some innovations that have arisen either from internal development or under the influence of the Štokavian systems with which it borders. The influence of Štokavian is most prominent in the easternmost local varieties of the Podravina Kajkavian dialect, which is to be expected due to their direct contact. In the eastern region of the Podravina Kajkavian dialect, the following innovations have occurred: the leveling of plural forms for dative, locative, and instrumental in noun and adjective-pronoun declension (e.g., in DLI pl. of e-type nouns, the endings -ama / -amā; in DLI pl. of a-type nouns, the ending - prevails); the ending -ā in the nominative and accusative plural of a-type neuter nouns (also occurring in some western local varieties of the dialect); the L and I plural pronoun forms nȁma / namȃ, vȁma / vamȃ; in the extreme eastern varieties, (t)ko appears as a pronoun for living things (as opposed to most varieties, in which štȍ has the meaning of ‘who’); in some varieties, the new form for the genitive pronoun for non-living (čega) has prevailed. More western varieties of the Podravina Kajkavian dialect (those to the west of Đurđevec) are more conservative in terms of preserving the older state both in phonology and in morphology, although they feature innovations, as well: the ending - in the genitive plural of e-type nouns that can appear with all base forms, as opposed to the zero ending, which can appear only with nouns that do not end in a consonant cluster; in some varieties, in 3 pl. present, the ending -jo / -j appears in all types of verbs, not only in type V; in some local varieties, in the declension of adjectives, a levelling of the endings for the nominative plural of feminine and neuter nouns has occurred. In spite of all the observed morphological and phonological distinctions according to which we can divide Podravina Kajkavian varieties into smaller subgroups, they do form a whole, and as a group we can categorize them as a separate dialect of Kajkavian. This is not only because of their unique and special accentuation, but also because of an important morphological feature that is of primary significance in the determination of the membership of a specific variety to the common dialect – namely, the ending of the instrumental singular in e-type nouns, which in all varieties of the Podravina Kajkavian dialect is -ōm (ženȏm, rōkȏm / r̄kȏm)