Establishment of a network of haulage tracks and silvicultural trails in Pedunculate oak forests as a way of more efficient stand tending and more efficient forest exploitation

Osnivanje uzgojnih staza u svrhu jednostavnijega rada njege pomlatka i učinkovitije kontrole u Hrvatskoj, prvi je puta napravljeno 1977. godine u Šumariji Đurđenovac (Sabljak 1990) i Šumariji Cerna. Od tada se postupno proširilo kao prihvaćena tehnologija rada uglavnom u slavonskim podružnicama Hrvatskih šuma, dok je u ostalima slabo prihvaćeno. Hrvatske šume d.o.o. do danas nisu analizirale učinkovitost ove tehnologije, već je odluka o njezinu provođenju ili ne provođenju prepuštana Upravama šuma podružnicama, pa čak i šumarijama. Suština tehnologije odnosi se na formiranje pravilne mreže izvoznih putova okomitih na glavni put ili makadamsku cestu širine 3 m te okomito na njih uzgojnih staza širine 1,5 m. Proizvodna površina između staza različitih je širina u pojedinim UŠP-ima, ali najčešće iznosi 5 m. Mreža se formira u godini prvoga uzgojnog zahvata nakon dovršnoga sijeka (prije popunjavanja sadnicama ili njege pomlatka). Radnicima je rad sa staza jednostavniji i lakši, a posebice je učinkovita kontrola. S druge strane, pokosi se između 24 i 29 % već pomlađene površine, što je osnovni argument protivnicima ove tehnologije. U ovome radu predlaže se iskušati i drukačije razmake i položaje uzgojnih staza. Izvozni putovi izrađuju se kad i uzgojne staze, a koriste se za izvoženje drvnoga materijala od vremena početka proreda pa do kraja ophodnje. Razmak osi izvoznih putova u odjelima dimenzija 750 × 750 m je 37,5 m, čime se površina odjela podijeli na 20 jednakih dijelova. U odjelima drukčijih dimenzija razmak varira, najčešće između 40 i 50 m, a povećanje razmaka umanjuje učinkovitost izvoženja drva s njih. Stoga bi pokusno svakako trebalo ispitati i drukčije razmake osi izvoznih putova, na prvome mjestu onaj od 25 metara. Budući da o ovoj problematici kod nas ima iznimno malo pisanih materijala, a tehnologija je u primjeni dugi niz godina, ovaj rad ima za cilj opisati postojeće stanje, navesti dobre i loše strane osnivanja mreže izvoznih putova i uzgojnih staza te pokrenuti raspravu s konačnim ciljem definiranja optimalnoga načina rada, a posebice njegova unificiranja i primjene u svim šumama hrasta lužnjaka u nas.The establishment of silvicultural trails in young pedunculate oak forests for the purpose of simplifying work of tending young stands and more effective control of done work in Croatia was first made in 1977 in forest area managed by Forest Office Đurđenovac (Sabljak 1990) and Forest Office Cerna. Since then, it has gradually expanded as an accepted technology of work mainly in the Slavonian Forest Administrations of the Croatian Forests ltd., while in other Forest Administrations it was not accepted. Croatian Forests ltd. still have not analyzed the effectiveness of this technology, and the decision of its implementation has been left to the Forest Administrations, even Forest Offices. The technology is based on the formation of a 3 m wide regular network of haulage tracks perpendicular to the forest road and silvicultural trails 1.5 m wide parallel to the same forest road. The production area between the trails is different in width in different Forest Administrations, but most often 5 m. The grid is formed in the year of the first intervention after the final cut (before filling with seedlings or tending). It is easier to work when trails exist, and the control of a done work is especially effective. On the other hand, it is cut down between 24 and 29 % of already rejuvenated surfaces, which is the basic argument for the opponents of this technology. The article proposes to try different ways and positions of silvicultural trails. Haulage tracks are made simultaneously with the silvicultural trails and are used to haul wood material from the beginning of the thinning process to the end of the rotation period. The haulage tracks axis distance in the 750 × 750 m dimension forest compartments is 37.5 m, which divides the compartment’s surface into 20 equal segments. In compartments with other dimensions the spacing varies usually between 40 and 50 m, and the increasing of spacing between the haulage tracks reduces the efficiency of hauling. Therefore, it would be worthwhile testing the different distances between the axis of the haulage tracks, in the first place that one of 25 meters. Since this issue has very little written material in our country, and technology has been in use for many years, this article aims to describe the present situation, to indicate the good and bad sides of the establishment of haulage tracks and silvicultural trails grid, and to initiate a discussion with the ultimate goal of defining the optimal way of work and especially its unification and application throughout the pedunculate oak area in Croatia