Landmarks in the Development of Education in Public Administration in the Croatian Territories

U radu se prikazuje razvoj obrazovanja upravnog osoblja od reformi koje u Europi provode apsolutističke monarhije pa sve do druge polovine 20. stoljeća - kameralizam, Političko-kameralni studij u Varaždinu i Zagrebu, Juridički fakultet Kraljevske akademije znanosti u Zagrebu, Kraljevska pra voslovna akademija u Zagrebu, Pravni fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, Visoka upravna škola te Viša upravna škola i upravni studij (VI. stupnja).The development of education in public administration in the territory of Croatia is historically marked by three periods: the first period from 1769 to 1874, the second period from 1874 to 1956 and the third period from 1956 onwards. In the first period there existed the Political-cameral study in Varaždin and Zagreb from 1769 to 1776, and after that administration was studied at the Juridical Faculty of the Royal Academy of Science in Zagreb from 1776. In the period of enlightened absolutism, namely, on the European continent the approach to the Organization of education for administrative personnel was very thorough, with the intention to train the personnel as best as possible for the tasks performed by administration at that time. For the first time administration was treated as a part of state government which should have been specially prepared for administrative tasks. It actually meant the inevitable exclusion of dilettantes from the ranks of public servants. Croatia was included into the European model of education of administrative personnel, with the textbook compulsory for the whole Habsburg Monarchy and the newly established (high) school, curriculum and program, but only one professor who, however, later made an excellent university career at the Faculty of Law of the famous University of Budim. Throughout Europe the ideas of political and cameral sciences were initially concentrated on disciplines related to police, commerce and finance. This reflected the attitude of the enlightened rulers of that time that by keeping the order and security in the state (police and army), promotion of commerce (free and protected exchange of goods and services) and the development and improvement of the financial position of the state and its national treasury (collection of revenues for more and more numerous administrative organizations), their absolutist power was strengthened. Thus in Varaždin and Zagreb the mentioned disciplines were taught by six Professors in turn, public examinations were held, the best students obtained annual scholarships, numerous students completed the study. By the transfer of the study to the Juridical Faculty in Zagreb, the situation was not substantially changed until 1850. ln 1850 there was a slight differentiation in education for public administration. Until then a single subject, that is, the chair of political-cameral sciences, was gradually separated into narrower, special disciplines, such as state accounting, financial science, financial (revenue) law, national economy, political science, administrative law, mining law, commercial law, exchange law, statistics. At that time, therefore, a number of new scientific disciplines were developed and several well reviewed and accepted textbooks published. The second period started in 1874, that is, by the establishment of the modern University in Zagreb after persistent efforts of banus Ivan Mažuranić and bishop J.J Strossmayer. During that period state accounting, economic policy, financial (revenue) law, financial science, Croatian cooperative law, national economy, political science, commercial law, exchange law, cheque law, copyright law, administrative science, administrative policy, administrative law, constitutional policy, mining law, statistics were studied as separate subjects (in a way continued from the previous period), ln this phase of development the administrative-law approach to the study of administrative matters became prominent, which was also characteristic of the European continent. While American administrative science was predominantly oriented to administrative-technical aspects of forming and functioning of administrative organizations (how to be more efficient with less expenditure), the European model was mainly concerned with the role of administration in the system of state government (legal regulation of administration, control over administration, with the emphasis on administrative substantive law and administrative procedural law). Therefore the contributions of the professors of the Juridical and Constitutional Faculty in Zagreb, later the Faculty of Law, dealt mostly with administrative-law aspects of administration. Their approach was mainly positivistic, namely, they dealt with the explanation of legal problems regarding administrative activities and the description of the existing situation (organization of state administration, administrative personnel, existing administrative districts). In that period there was almost no textbook which would systematically deal with the problems of administration, but mainly notes taken from lectures and then copied for the needs of students. These manuscripts show that the lecturers were oriented to individual groups of problems, very frequently these areas were not inter connected, Professors themselves referred to such sources. Krbek was the first one who started Publishing systematically analysed texts and publicizing proper textbooks and books. The third, current period which began in 1956, constituted the turning point in the earlier approach to the study of administration. From the content of the course in Administrative Law, a new chair with the new course in Administrative Science was separated, headed by E. Pusić. This was the beginning of a complete change in scientific orientation towards the problems of administration in accordance with the accomplishments of the administrative science in the world ( organization theory, Systems theory, general theory of management, general theory of state and administration...)