Flight Testing Stability and Controllability of Otto Lilienthal's Monoplane Design from 1893

The paper describes successful flight tests using a replica of Otto Lilienthal's patented monoplane glider, which were conducted after full-scale wind tunnel tests have proven its performance and the potential static stability of the glider design. The replica, made from authentic materials (specially woven fabric, wood, and steel wires), was flown three ways, tethered to a moving platform, on a rope winch, and freely downhill without any support. The tests allow for the assessment of the aircraft's controllability and stability, not only during steady flight but also during start, landing, and during gusts of wind. A short description of the design parameters and applied methods is given along with pilot reports and data gained by video analysis as well as the evaluation of a limited set of data acquired during flight, including speed, duration, and distances flown