Abstract Introduction Paleopathology constitutes an interdisciplinary field of research which focuses on the pathological evidence demonstrated by human skeletal remains originating in pre-history and in the historical past and investigates the natural history, as well as the evolutionary and historical aspects of human disease. Material and methods Systematic research conducted by the 4th Ephorate of Byzantine Antiquities during 1980-1996 revealed numerous Byzantine monuments of great significance in the Medieval Town of Rhodes. The Anthropology Museum of the Medical School of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens participated in the processes of excavation, collection and classification of the rich anthropological material re...