Background: Apart from inadequate antimicrobial treatment, specific virulencefactors contribute to the high attributable mortality of infections caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) Klebsiella pneumoniae. We explored the role of MDR and of clone as virulence determinants of K. pneumoniae and their interaction with innate immunity. Methods: Twenty isolates were studied and characterized by resistance phenotype and multilocus sequence type (MLST). Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were stimulated for the production of proinflammatory cytokines by live and heat-killed isolates and plasmid DNA; modulation by cellular pathways inhibitors was explored. Survival of thirty mice was recorded after intraperitoneal challenge with suscept...