Social (media) construction of public opinion by elites

For most of the last century, surveys have dominated the measure of public opinion. But public opinion, as necessary a concept it is to the underpinnings of democracy, is a socially constructed representation of the public that is forged by the methods and data from which it is derived, as well as how it is understood by those tasked with evaluating and utilizing it. I theorize social media as an emergent representation of public opinion. Social media have shifted the social climate, technological milieu, and communication environment, bringing new possibilities for understanding and representing the public and producing public opinion. Taking up the case of the 2016 U.S. presidential election, I examine how elites use social media and their data to construct representations of public opinion. Analyzing in-depth interviews with professionals from presidential campaigns, I mapped their use of social media to understand and convey public opinion to a theoretical model, accounting for quantitative and qualitative measurement, for instrumental and symbolic purposes. Using both content analysis of election news and in-depth interviews with journalists, I document how journalists use social media to report on the public, classifying uses along the type of data (quantitative, qualitative) as well as its function (partisan scorekeeping, public opinion storytelling). Journalists used individual social media posts as new sources of vox populi quotes, especially to showcase public reaction to media events like debates. Social media firms actively marketed quantitative metrics as public opinion to journalists, who reported these metrics mostly in service of positioning candidates or parties in the horserace. Social media data provide a means to expand conceptions of public opinion, particularly along the lines of publicness, relationality, and temporality, but also introduce new challenges for understanding the public. Elite actors tap public political expressions, made available to them by social media companies, to shape what public opinion looks like, in ways that appear to highlight the power of the public, but in practice grant legitimacy and political power to social media companies (as purveyors of public opinion), while also allowing these elites more control over the substance of public opinion to their advantage.Journalis