Time domain electromagnetic surveys for assisting in determining the groundwater resources on Kealakekua Ranch Ltd. property, Island of Hawaii

"This report contains the procedures and results of surface Time Domain Electromagnetic (TDEM) geophysical surveys performed for groundwater resource evaluation on Kealakekua Ranch Ltd. property located on the Kealakekua Tract on the Island of Hawaii. ZAPATA ENGINEERING Blackhawk Division (Blackhawk) conducted the surveys from January 31 to February 3, 2007 for Pa’ahana Enterprises LLC (PEL) of Kealakekua, Hawaii and Kealakekua Ranch, Ltd. (KRL) of Captain Cook, Hawaii. The main objective of the TDEM surveys was to explore for basal and high-level groundwater occurrences located on KRL property above the Kealakekua Ranch Center. The surveys were conducted at four TDEM sites to help determine the optimum location for a future groundwater well above the Mamalahoa Highway in Captain Cook, Hawaii. TDEM is a geophysical method that determines from TDEM is a geophysical method that determines from the surface the geoelectric section (resistivity layering) of the subsurface. From the geoelectric section, information about geology and water quality can be inferred. This is possible because the electrical resistivity of the earth depends on lithology, porosity, degree of saturation, and concentration of dissolved solids in the groundwater. Geophysical surveys, combined with other hydrogeologic information, are used to provide optimum locations for water well placement and well completion depths."Pa’ahana Enterprises LLCKealakekua Ranch, Ltd