South Dakota State UniversityOpen PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access InstitutionalRepository and Information ExchangeBulletins South Dakota State University AgriculturalExperiment Station6-1-1929Hardy Roses for South DakotaN.E. HansenFollow this and additional works at: http://openprairie.sdstate.edu/agexperimentsta_bulletinsThis Bulletin is brought to you for free and open access by the South Dakota State University Agricultural Experiment Station at Open PRAIRIE: OpenPublic Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Bulletins by an authorizedadministrator of Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange. For more information, pleasecontact michael.biondo@sdstate.edu.Recommended CitationHansen, N.E., "Hardy Roses for South Dakota" (1929). Bulletins. Paper 240.http://openprairie.sdstate.edu/agexperimentsta_bulletins/240Literature Cited The best and most complete work on the wild roses of the world, the product of many years of research, is "The Genus Rosa," by · Ellen Willmott, F. L. S., published by John Murray, Albemarle Street, W., London, England, 1914; two large volumes with numerous colored plates. The copy of this work in the library of the Department of Horticulture ,..,.-, ..-of South Dakota State College is noted with interest by many visitors each year. The nomenclature followed in this Bulletin is from "Standardized Plant Names," a catalogue of approved scientific and common names of plants in American commerce. This was prepared under an American Joint Committee of fourteen of the leading horticultural associations. This was published in 1923. The members of the Sub-Committee were: Frederick Law Olmsted, Frederick V. Coville, and Harlan P. Kelsey of Salem, Massachusetts; with J. Horace McFarland, Chairman, and Harlan P. Kelsey, Salem, Massachusetts, SecretHry. The Rose part of this book was published separately as "Standardized Rose Names," 1923, by the American Rose Society, Westport, Pennsylvania. Much valuable experience has been reported in the annual reports of the American Rose Society. Much valuable material concerning roses is noted in Trees and Shrubs Hardy in the British Isles, by W. J. Bean; E. P. Dutton and Company, New York, 1915. The American Rose Society This Society was organized March 13, 1899 and incorporated July 7, 1921, with the expressed purpose: "To increase -the general interest in the cultivation and improve the standard of excellence of the Rose for al'l people." The secretary, 1929, is Robert Pyle, West Grove, Pennsylvania. The membership is over five thousand from all parts of the United :States and many in foreign countries. The editor of the annual report of the American Rose Society is J. Horace McFarland, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. The annual reports of this Society are of great value as they include the best experience with roses in the United States and throughout the world. ] Hardy Roses for South Dakota N. E. HANSEN The rose is the favorite flower of the entire civilized world. Can we imagine civilized society today getting along without roses as messengers of friendship, sympathy and love? There is no adequate substitute for this choice gift of Nature-the "Queen of Flowers." Most of the fine standard cultivated roses of the present day have been bred up through many centuries from the roses of the Orient. They represent thousands of years of work of earnest, patient effort in plant improvement. But they are not for our open prafries. The work of improvement and development must be done over again with different materials. Much money is lost in planting tender varieties of roses every year in the prairie Northwest. The largest rose garden in the world is Roseraie de l'Hay in the outskirts of Paris. It has been established about two hundred years, and contains about 10,000 distinct varieties of roses. M. Gravereaux has made it the crowning work of his life. There are many rose gardens in the larger cities of the United States. Among the leading ones is the new Municipal Rose Test Garden at Portland, Oregon. Boston has recently set aside $100,000 for a rose garden. Such gardens attract visitors by the tens and hundreds of thousands. The State Rose Garden As for the State Rose Garden at Sioux Falls, the object' is not to make a collection of all varieties for the purpose of show only. The climate wiil not permit it without more work than would be advisable. There are no rose flowers and plants to sell. The main object is to develop hardy double roses that will be perfectly hardy without any winter protection and that will be adapted to general cultivation in every garden in country and town in the Northwest. The State Rose Garden work at Sioux Falls was started in the spring of 1923 and continued during 1923. with 900 plants on a block of ground furnished free by Mr. and Mrs. H. R. Dennis. In the sp,ring of 1924 the present State Rose Garden at Sioux Falls was started on ten acres of State property, located on high land, with no shelter belt and exposed on all sides to the full windswee . It would be hard to find a rr..ore severe test than on this ston:r, sandv hill. There is a fine view for many miles in three directions. Aft r the first two winters, no winter protection was given. This lack of nro�ection hastened the winter killing. But the location chosen was an excellent one for this experiment which is to determine what varieties are hardy without 4 EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 240 winter protection. During this time a large number of standard varieties of Hybrid Perpetuals, Teas and Hybrid Teas have been tested with results that confirmed the previous experience at Brookings, that none of the standard varieties are hardy. Rosa rugosa and the Rosa rugosa hybrids, Persian Yellow and Harrison's Yellow, are hardy. Some of the single wild roses are hardy. The native wild roses of the prairie Northwest and a wild rose from Siberia are under extensive trial as nursery stocks for budding, because there is great need for developing hardy and desirable rose stocks. Ten thousand rose plants were planted in the spring of 1924, and eight thousand in the spring of 1925. Many thousand more were planted in the succeeding years, and thousands were discarded. All seedlings must endure the same test of no winter protection. They must be as hardy as the native wild roses of South Dakota. The South Dakota State Rose Garden at Sioux Falls and at Brook-r ings differs from the municipal rose gardens in forty or more states of the Union in that the chief aim is not to exhibit the cultivated varieties to millions of people for their enjoyment. The primary objects are: 1 To originate hardy roses for the prairie Northwest. 2. To solve the problem of hardy rose propagation-be it from grafts, buds, cuttings, layers or root-sprouts. The gardens are a plant inventor's ·workshop, rather than a place of beauty as expressed in an art arrangement of the Queen of Flowers. As fast as these new hardy varieties are developed the writer hopes that the work will be followed up by the establishment of municipal rose gardens in at least all the larger cities and towns of the State, and in connection with some of the leading state parks as they are established. It is quite possible to make South Dakota a land of roses with every farm and town home beautiful with roses. All the hardy varieties developed so far will glorify the, garden and fill the air with delightful fragrance. As single shrubs, for groups on the lawn and hedges they will serve well. But work must be done to obtain varieties blooming the entire season and with the long stem necessary for good cut flowers, like those grown under glass !>y the florist. All the best indoor roses are of oriental or southern origin, native to such warm climate countries as Italy, Persia, Turkey, Japan and southern China. The everblooming character may come from the mild climate of these countries which permits a blooming period of practically the entire year. TENDER VARIETIES COSTLY More money is lost in planting tender varieties of roses every year in the prairie Northwest than would be ample to pay for the necessary expenses of the South Dakota State Rose Garden. It is possible if money is provided to make this garden, from the standpoint of hardiness, the main creative rose cente1· of the United States and of the world. The garden attracted two delegations in 1927, the Sioux City Garden Club and the Society for Horticultural Science of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. HARDY ROSES FOR SOUTH DAKOTA 5 In 1928 the Iowa Rose Society made a "rose p,ilgrimage" to the garden at Sioux Falls and Brookings. Located as it is on the A. Y. P. -the Atlantic, Yellowstone and Pacific Highway, the garden at Sioux Falls will attract more and more visitors as the years go on. No claim to completeness is made for this Rose test. A complete test of all exi�ting obtainable varieties would require much more money than is available. But a studv of the native home of a new rose, ur of its parents, will be a guide. There must be winter hardiness somewhere in the ancestry of a rose if winter hardiness is required. At Brookings most of the work is done outdoors, but much is done with roses grown in tubs or pots. These are stored in three cement cellars during the winter. Some are grown in the greenhouse. Annual importations are made of special roses, some new, many old and rare, for use in the work. In this collection can be found roses from India, the _everbloomers of China, Japan, India, Manipur, Bengal and Persia. Ultimate success may require the growing of half a million to a million seedlings, but from such a vast multitude of seedlings must come a long series of ideal roses for the prairies. The First State Rose Garden In the list of Municipal Rose Gardens established in 40 states. noted in the 1927 Members' Handbook of the American Rose Society the following edito:.:al comment is made by Dr. J. Horace McFarland: "South Dakota. _Sioux Falls. _State Rose Garden in the process of being established. This is the first recorded instance of State activity in rose gardening. It is an example to be emulated." The 5,636 members of the American Rose Society are located all over the United States and some in foreign countries. The Working Value of Municipal Rose Gardens "It was probably the experience in Hartford's notably successful Municipal Rose Garden that lnd park executives to the realization of the efficiency of the area so d'3voted in promoting the recreational aims of a park. It should be explained that experiments are in proportion to the number of people pP.r acre found to use them. Under this consideration the great garden in Elizabeth Park was found to p9ssess the highest park intensity. At the meeting of the American Institute of Park Executives held in Minneapolis, August 19, 1922, attended on behalf of the American Rose Society by Pres. Pyle, there was further discussion of this subject, ending in the unanimous passage of the f • llowing resolution: Whereas, experience with municipal rose gardens nas proved their possibility and popularity far in excess of proportionate cost, therefore be it Resolved, that we recommend that every park board in affiliation with us, which has not already adop,ted this standard, shall give earnest consideration to the development of a rose garden as a unit of recognized importance in their system." (The American Rose Annual 1923, p. 179.) 6 EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 240 What Roses Does America Need? E. H. Wilson, Arnold Arboretum, Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts, in the American Rose Annual, 1924, says: "The outstandu1g need of our gardens is hardier roses�'.roses that can be grown to perfection in the coldest parts of America. The parents of the Hybrid Teas and Hybrid Perpetuals are natives of warm temperate parts of Asia, and possibly southern Europe. The everblooming quality of the Tea and China roses was probably induced by the sub-tropical climate of southern China." E. H. Wilson favors the use of three species to produce the rose of the future. First, "Rosa rugosa, the seashore rose of eastern Asia, found wild from Japan and Korea northward to Kamchatka." Secondly, "the Burnet Rose (Rosa spinosissima), found wild throughout northern Europe and northern Asia, with white, pink and yellow flowers." Thirdly, the Luteae group of yellow roses, Rosa Hugonis, from western China; Rosa Ecae, from central Asia; Rosa Xanthina, from northern China; Rosa foetida, the Austrian Brier. "By the crossing and inter-crossing of these our outdoor gardens cannot fail to benefit. A mixture of these and the Hybrid Teas, Hybrid Perpetuals, N oisettes and ramblers would produce new types. It is to such an amalgamation that I look for the hardy rose of the future-the rose for the cotter's porch, for the rich man's garden; the rose that needs no protection in winter, the rose that will thrive in the coldest parts of these United States of America." The work so far at Brookings and Sioux Falls is summarized in the following report from the 1928 American Rose Annual of the American Rose Society. Originating Hardy Roses Ry Prof. N. E. Hansen, State College, Brookings, South Dakota. State Vice-President American Rose Society EDlTOR'S NOTE---(J. Horace McFarland, Harrisburg, Pa.)-It is another demonstration of the universal appeal of the rose that, instead of being discouraged by climatic hardships, those who really love the world's sweetest and fairest flower are prompted to work with its varied forms, to adapt them to the more difficult environment. So Professor Hansen, pioneer in his field, tells us what he hopes to do. South Dakota has the honor of establishing the first State Rose Garden. The main plantation is at Sioux Falls. This consisted of 10 acres at first ( in 1924) , but more land has since been added, and this, together with the land at the Soyth Dakota Experiment Station at Brookings, makes the total area over 20 acres, all devoted to the breeding of hardy roses and the development of hardy rose stocks. The path of anyone who aspires to originate hardy roses for the prairie Northwest is beset with more than rose thorns. It is, evidently, a long and difficult task. During many years I have labored with the roses of North America, Europe and Asia, hoping to produce double, fragrant roses that will be hardy without winter protection, and will bloom all summer. Of the thousands of seedlings, Tetonkaha was the first to be named. It was introduced in 1912 and is very popular 1n the Far North. This was followed by Tegala, which was introduced in 1926. \ HARDY ROSES FOR SOUTH DAKOTA 7 Fifteen new roses were introduced in the spring of 1927* One of these, Mrs. Mina Lindell, was found growing wild in Butte County, South Dakota. The difficulty cf propagation and the pressure of other work prevented earlier introduction. The plants distributed were all on their own roots. On the difficult question of rose stocks for budding and grafting, 1 hope soon to have something new to report. In the long run, however, it may prove best with these hardy roses to plant them far enougI1 apart so they will sprout freely, and thus keep th�m on their own roots. Then there will not be the difficulty which many people experience when they neglect the wild shoots coming from below the bud-after two to three years the wild sprouts have choked out the budded portion. This danger is greater in the type of rose I am working with than in roses in which the growth and foliage of the budded variety differ greatly in appearance from the understock. Thousands of seedlings are coming on, but it is not wise to make an· nouncement too soon. It is well to emulate the helpful hen-she never cackles until she lays an egg. Of the large number of cultivated rose� tested at Sioux Falls, we may say that all of the_ Hybrid Perpetuals, Hybrid Teas and Teas are not hardy without winter protection. The only one that is left is the old Mme. Plantier, which blooms quite well wilhout protection. The varieties of outstanding hardiness are the Rugosa hybrids. As a class, these are hardy and very productive of bloom. The old Harison's Yellow, Persian Yellow and Hugonis are hardy at Sioux · Falls and the Siberian form of Rugosa is also hardy there and at Brookings. This Siberian form is much superior in color to the one received from Holland and other countriEs as a rose stock. The following ·Rugosa hybrids have proved hardy at Sioux Falls : Conrad Ferdinand Meyer, Agnes Emily Carman, Mme. Charles Frederick Worth, F. J. Grootendorst, Belle Poitevine, Sir Thomas Lipton, Hansa, Mrs. Anthony Waterer, Ames Rose, Roseraie de l'Hay, La Me1usine, Prof. N. E. Hansen, Tetonkaha and Tegala. Climb:mg American Beauty was hardy last winter when left on the ground. It is worth noting that roses of this type are apparently hardier if left on the ground than when tied up on a trellis. It bloomed profusely. At Brookings, for many years, La Melusine has been one of the outstanding Rugosa hybrids. The color is something of a purplish crimson, like Hansa ; the fragrance is powerful, and it blooms until frost. This variety seems to have been neglected by American propagators. La Melusine was imported from Europe some twenty years ago and has proved hardy. It is one of my favorites, owing to its intense fragrance. Mr. Robert Pyle stated several years ago that we need more rose adventurers. I would probably be classified as such, as I have spent much time finding out what others have done in this line, in order that I may do something different. Hence, of late years, I have been working much with the primitive species. * A Description of these roses may be found in the 1 927 Annual, page 226. 8 EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 2:40 The prevalence of polyploidy in the rose genus increases the interest in the problem.* Cytologists have evidently furnished a real ke¥ to some of our rose problems. What is now needed is an endowment for this work by some millionaire who wishes to do something for this best of all flow-FIG. 1 .-A SIBERIAN ROSE BUSH. This bush is 9 feet high, 13 feet across. The Semi Rose, brought from Semipalatinsk, Siberia, by N. E. Hansen. ers. It is difficult to get funds for work with ornamentals from State Experiment funds, since the main interest is naturally with fruits and vegetables. Fer the prairie Northwest, hardy rose stocks are a real problem. The rose Semi which I brought from Semipalatinsk, Siberia, may help. It was *See "Chromosomes anrl Their Relation to Rose Problems," by Dr. Kathleen B. Blackburn, page 54, 1 927 Annual. I HARDY -ROSES FOR SOUTH DAKOTA 9 introduced last year as Semi ; it is Rosa laxa, Retz, which I grew from seed collected on the dry steppes of Semipalatinsk, Siberia, on my 1913 tour. It grows very tall. We have p.Iants 8 feet high and fully 13 feet across. This interesting wild rose has been described under many synonyms. The present name is given to distinguish it from other importations. It is native of the Altai Mountains, central Siberia and extending westward to the Semipalatinsk region. It should not be confused with R laxa, Lindl., which is a variety of Semipalatinsk. My six trips of agricultural exploration to northern Eurasia make me firm in the conviction that we should get more material from this region. I would like to round out my six tours with a tour to northeastern Siberia, especially to the Amur River region, to gather more material, and also to trace the northern limit of the apple ; but there are no funds available at the present time for work of this kind. The work of rose crossing at Sioux Falls and Brookings is done on · a large scale. Many people work at this during the blooming season, and many combinations made. The research work in germinating rose seed by Dr. William Crocker, of the Boyce-Thompson Institute for Plant Research at Yonkers, N. Y.,* has been a great help, as it has largely solved the question of getting rose seed to germi,nate. Retarded germination has delayed rosebreeding work for many years. A National Rose Garden Professor Charles Sprague Sargent, director for more than fifty years of the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University, Boston, wrote in the American Rose Annual, 1917, page 87 : "If some rich man wants to perpetuate his name in the world of horticulture for at least a thousand years, his chance i.s to provide the Arboretum with the means to establish a real rose garden in which all species, varieties and hybrids, old and new, could be cultivated. There is only one such collection of roses in the world, and that is Gravereaux's, near Pari.s. The cost of the land and construction would be considerable, and maintenance would mean the employment of a first class man to look after this garden. I do not know who the ambitious man or woman is, but this rose establishment is one of my dreams which I should like to see realized." In a personal letter to John Horace McFarland, editor of the American Rose Annual, Mr. McFarland adds to the above letter: "What could be finer than the perpetuation through all time of one's name in a living monument that would be of continuous beneficence to mankind ?" How Many Varieties ? In 1908 there were on record in Paris the names of 11 ,016 varieties and species of rose, and, in a private collection in that city, some 8,000 varieties, according to W. A. Manda in an address to the American Rose Society in Chicago in 1908. Several thousand more rose seedlings have been named and introduced in the twenty-one years since 1908, so that the total number of named varieties at present is probably between 15,000 and 20,000. Many of these have passed out of cultivation, befog superseded by better varie-*Reported in the 1 926 American A nnual, page 34. 10 EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 240 ties. But there is danger of losing many rare old roses. There should be established in America a complete collection of all the roses of the world. Species of Roses : Five or Five Thousand? C. C. Hurst of Trinity College, Cambridge University, England, writes : * "The genus Rosa has been the despair of systematists since the time of Linnaeus and the fact that Gandoger ( 1892-1893) divided the Roses of Europe and the Orient into twelve subgenera and gave Latin diagnoses of 6,649 binomial 'species' from this comparatively small area, illustrates at once the polymorphy of the genus and the intensive manner in which the charac�ers of the genus have been studied by systematists." Hurst classifies all existing roses into 5 diploid septet species, which have been identified and tested genetically. "Each of the 5 septets carries a specific complex of genes which determines its own specific set of . characters." In recent years the science of cytology has assumed great importance since it deals with the egg-cells of plants and animals as carriers of heredity. In recent years cytological research with more than 1,000 species of roses has brought out much. new truth of great importance. Tackholm in Sweden, and Harrison, Blackburn and Hurst in England, have shown that certain groups of roses are polyploid types, and that their differences are due to extensive hybridization, as well as to polyp,loidy. Tackholm has shown that roses are diploid, triploid, tetraploid, pentaploid, hexaploid or octoploid, and some are unstable forms. (a) * Hurst shows that each of these five primary groups or septets contain at ·1east 50 diagnostic characters, and that they can be recognized in combinations in the hybrids, and that environmental characters may favor the expression of one or the other set of characters. Hurst gives the name differential p.olyploidy to these variations. (b) * = After all this work we now begin to unrlerstand why some roses never set s·eed while others are fruitful. It will also help to guide the future work in rose breeding. A Rose Genius Is wanted in America to insp,ire the creation of Public Rose Gardens in our country-as has been done in France and Germany by M. Jules Gravereaux of Paris. For such a man we command the Roses. If one man in America will show what can be done, he will awaken a love of beauty as universal as the hunger for bread. By virtue of its intrinsic appeal he will find his work taken up and carried on in countless communities that are now barren. He will win the gratitude of a great people. "There is no single flower which carries with it more attraction than the Rose full blown. No flower is more significant in its choiceness than the Rose bud, No flower as a gift to sick or well has .so much character *Differential Polyploidy in the Genus Rosa L., paper before the Fifth lnternational Gongress of Genetics, Berlin, 1927, page 866, * ( a) 'rhe Theory of the Gene, Thomas Hunt Morgan, Yale University Press, 1926. " (b) Experiments in Genetics, Charles Chamberlain Hurst, Cambridge University Press, 1925. HARDY ROSES FOR SOUTH DAKOTA 11 and feeling\ attached to it as the Rose." • . . . The Voice of Humanity from the American Rose Society bulletin for 1914. Nine Standard Hardy Red Roses Agnes Emily Carman Amelie Gravereaux F. J. Grootendorst Hans a Madame Charles F. Worth Mrs. Anihony Waterer Rosa rugosa flore plena Rosa a Parfum de l'Hay Roseraie de l'Hay Agnes Emily Carman.-Class, Hybrid Rugosa. Pedigree : Rosa rugosa x Harison's Yellow, by E. S. Carman, New Jersey. Flowers are of the most brilliant red of this whole group of Rugosa hybrids. The bright crimson is as vivid as that of the General Jacqueminot. A very FIG. 2.-MADAME CHARLES FREDERICK WORTH. A hardy red rose, developed from Rosa Ruirora. free bloomer through a long season; open habit; extremely thorny; flowers large, in clusters. This rose is hardy and very attractive, but suffered from root-killing of the tender stocks. Hence, only own-rooted plants should be planted, or� at lea�t, plants on hardy stocks. If budded plants are on tender stocks, they should be set deep to encourage the formation of roots above the point of union, so that the pfants will eventually be on their own roots. E. S. Carman, of Rjver Edge, New Jersey, for many years editor of the Rural New Yorker, beg�n the work of producing Rosa rugosa hybrids in 1886. Madame Charles Frederick Worth.-Hybrid rugosa. Orlgtn : Mme. Schwartz, Lyon, France, 1889. Flowers double, rosy carmine, · in clusters, with a rich fragrance. A very free bloomer in June and less freely throughout the season. Resembles Belle Poitevine but is distinct. The budded plants at Sioux Falls suffered in 1925-1926 which is another 12 EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 240 argument in favor of planting Rosa rugosa hybrids on their own roots. The plants are very thorny. Roseraie de l'Hay.-Hybrid rugosa. Origin : Cochet-Cochet, 1901. Flowers large, dark red, elouble, with intense, most pleasing fragrance. Blooms early and throughout the season. This variety is prized for its sweet perfume. The plant is vigorous and hardy. F. J. Grootendorst.-Class; Hybrid Polyantha rugosa. origin, IJe Goey, Holland, 1918. A hybrid of Rosa rugosa and the Crimson Baby Rambler or Polyantha, which combines the everblooming habit of the Polyanthas with the hardiness and coarse, shiny, leathery foliage of the Rugosas. Flowers smaU., in clusters, a rich red with the petals evenly notched, making the clusters look like a bunch of carnations. The: plants are very thorny. Excellent for a hardy, everblooming, dwarf rose hedge; as specimens on the lawn; or among other shrubs in a shrubbery border. As a hedge it will grow 4 to 6 feet high, but can be kept to 4 feet. Clipp,ing the red flower clusters as they fade will give a constant succession of the red flower clusters throughout the season until frost. Hansa.-Hybrid rugosa. Origin : Schaum, 1905. Flowers large, double, fragrant, freely produced throughout the season until frost, on a strong, very thorny plant. The color of the flowers is remarkable, a deep purplish red, sometimes called reddish violet, or violet red. The Hansa is one of the hardiest and best varieties tested both at Brookings and Sioux Falls. On their own roots the plants make a splendid rose hedge four to five feet in height, in bloom all summer. The immense rose-hips or fruits add to the beauty of the plant. It 1s anotner argument for having Rosa rugosa hybrids on their own roots. Mrs. Anthony Water.er.-Hybrid Rugosa. Origin : Waterer, 1898. Flowers deep crimson, semi-double, bloom throughout the season. Plant very hardy both at Sioux Falls and Brookings. "The best roses for garden decoration in the north are the rugosas and their hybrids, which give bloom fairly well throughout the season. These are also good farther south for massing and hedges. Mrs. Anthony Waterer is one of these hybrids."-American Rose Annual, 1917, page 29. Rose a Parfum de l'Hay.-Hybrid rugosa. Origin : Jules Gravereaux, Paris, France. Pedigree : (Rosa Damascena x General Jacgueminot ) x Rosa rugosa Germanica. The French name is Parfumerie de l'Hay. Flowers large, d:.rk crimson, shaded carmine, intensely fragrant, bloom throughout the se:;ison. Hardy at Sioux Falls and at Brookings, and very likely will be found hardy throughout the state. This is one of the most fragrant of all roses, and has been used with success by the United States Department of Agriculture for the manufacture of Attar of Roses, described later in this Bulletin under "Roses for Perfume." C. D. Beadle of Biltmo1·e, North Carolina, wrote in the American Rose Annual, 1917 � "No rose is more ca,Ptivating in color and fragrance than that ex, quisitely beautiful rose, Parfum de l'Hay, of the rugosa type." HARDY -ROSES FOR SOUTH DAKOTA 13 Amelie Gravereaux.-Class, Hybrid rugosa. Origin, Gravereaux, 1903. Pedigree : (Rosa gallica x Eugene Furst) x Rosa rugosa. Flowers double ; a bright, da_rk, purplish red ; very fragrant ; borne several together all summer ; of stron� growth, with glossy rugosa foliage. Dr. H. G. Woutout, Grand Forks, North Dakota, writes in the American Rose Annual ior 1928 : "The Amelie Gravereaux deserves wider popularity, especially. in cold climates, as it is hardy enough to withstand winter without protec-FIG. 3.-A DOUBLE FLOWERED SIBERIAN ROSE. This is a double flowered form. Rosa Rugosa Flore Plena. tion, and blooms or has buds from the middle of June until October. The flowers have fair stems and are a good red, with perhaps just a trace of purple, and the fragrance is fine." Rosa rugosa Flore Plena.-For more than twenty years this double red-flowered form of Rosa rugosa has blossomed freely and proven very hardy at this Station. The flowers are intensely fragrant, dark purple red, very double, with up to 49 petals, and many stamens. The flowers are 2% inches in diameter, and open up flat ; in the bud the petals are somewhat erect. The leaflets are smaller and narrower than in the type. Plants thorny, very vigorous and hardy. No record is available as to the origin of this rose, or when it was first imported. The plants described were selected by N. E. Hansen, In 1906, in the Regel Kesselring Nursery, St. Petersburg, Russia, Rosa rugosa rubra plena or Empress of the North is credited to Dr. Eduard von Regel 1815-1892, Director of the Botanic Gardens, St. Petersburg, Russia. Dr. Leopold Dippel · in Laubholzkunde, Berlin, 1893, mentions what is probably the same as Rosa Rugosa plena, Empress of the North, (Kaiserin des Nordens) with double purple red flowers. W. J. Bean of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, England, calls this rose Rosa Rugosa va flore f)leno. 14 EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 240 Three Rare Har:ly Red Roses Alika La Melusine Prof. N. E. Hansen Rosa gallica grandiflora.-This rose was received from Russia in the fall of 1906, and was selected by N. E. Hansen at the Regel & Kesselring Nursery at St. Petersburg, on the 1906 tour enroute to Siberia. Flowers large, fragrant, semi-double, with as high as 46 petals, with many stamens. The color is a brilliant red with no purple in it. The plant is hardy. Flowers abundant in June but not throughout the season. This rose is worthy of propagation owing to its bright red color and hardiness. No notes as to the origin of this rose are available at the present time. Since the full name, Rosa gallica grandiflora, is too long for every day use, the name, Alika, adapted from the Latin name (with the "i" as in "like" ) , has been given for convenience in recent years by the . writer. The species Rosa gallica is the French rose, native through central and southern Europe, and eastward to the Caucasus. This has been under cultivation since ancient times. They once formed the most extensive group of roses. It is one of the roses mentioned by Pliny, Roman naturalist and author, from which, he says, all the others have been derived. Ancient writers mentioned this as the red rose, and it is supposed to have been the one chosen as the badge of the House of Lancaster in the Wars of the Roses in England. The three old-fashioned striped varieties, Rosa Mundi, Village Maid, and the true York and Lancaster, have all been called York and Lancaster. Thousands of spontaneous and garden hybrids were developed in Europe. In Holland a great number of gallica hybrids were developed and named during the eighteenth century and in France and England early in the nineteenth century. "Rosa gallica," according to W. J. Bean, is the chief ancestor of the most cherished of garden roses, and, through the damask rose, of which it is supposed to be a parent, is one of the chief sources from which the Hybrid Perpetual roses have been derived. It has hybridized with numerous other species and varieties of rose·."* La Melusine.-Hybrid rugosa. Imported, 1906, from the L. Spaeth nursery, Ba.umschulenweg, Berlin, Germany. Flowers large, double, dark carmine red, bloom freely in large clusters the entire season until frost; petals, about 20. Plant thorny, very strong, erect, hardy, with rugosa fol iage. The delightful and intense fragrance of the La Melusine indicates that it contains much Attar of Roses. This rose deserves propagation. Professor N. E. Har�'3en Rose.-Flowers large ; an intense bright, rich, velvety red, with no purple or blu8 in them; very fragrant. Blooms *Trees and Shrubs Hardy in the British Isles, W. J. Bean, 1915, Volume II, Page 427. HARDY •ROSES FOR SOUTH DAKOTA 15 throughout the season in clusters. The plants are thorny. Foliage glossy, typical rugosa, thick and leathery. This variety was originated i.n 1892 by Professor J. L. Budd of the Iowa State College, Ames. ·fhe present writer, as assistant in this work, was honored by having this rose named in his honor hy Professor J. L. BU:dd. Some 1,300 flowers of Rosa rugosa, the Siberian form imported by Professor J. L. Budd, were operated upon. Many good doq.ble-flQwered varieties resulted from this work and were distributed to a limited extent, but most of the stock was lost in FIG. 4.-A HARDY RED ROSE. The Professor N. E. Hansen Rose originated and named by Professor J. L. Budd. later years by accident. The pollen used to produce this rose is not known, but it may have been from the General J acqueminot, as this waf: the main variety used; however, the cup-shape reminds one of the American Beauty. Hardy Pink Roses Belle Poitevine Conrad Ferdinand .Meyer New Century Pink Grootendorst Tetonkaha Belle Poitevine.-Hybrid rugosa. Origin : Bruant, 1895. Flowers large, 41h inches in dia.meter, bright dark pink, also called magenta pink, in large clusters freely produced throughout the season. Flowers loosely formed with about 20 petals, abundant stamens and pollen. Plant hardy, of strong growth, with tough typical rugosa (wrinkled) leaves; forms a dense bush, so should be good for a rose hedge. Conrad Ferdinand Meyer.-A Hybrid rugosa. _Origin : _Dr. Mullen, Weingarten, 1899, (in some catalogues, 1900) . Pedigree : ( Gloire de Dijon x Due de Rohan) x Rosa rugosa Germanica. Dedicated to the Zurich poet. 16 EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 240 Flowers very large, clear silvery pink, resembling in bud the famous old La France rose, very double, with about 78 p€tals. The leaves are thick and smooth, not wrinkled as in the typical rugosa. This variety forms a huge, extremely thorny, tall bush, up to 15 feet in height under favorable conditions, and needs plenty of room. Some rosarians think this is the handsomest rugosa. However, at Brookings and at Sioux Falls this va-riety has not done well, probably for two reasons : ( 1 ) too much Hybrid Tea in the pedigree; ( 2 ) trouble with the tender stocks upon which they are budded. A rose crippled by root-killing, in whole or in part, cannot do well. Such plants should be mulched over winter to prevent root killing. New Century.-Hybrid rugosa. Origin : Dr. Van Fleet, 1900. Pedigree : Descended · from Rosa rugosa alba and the Polyantha, Clotilde Sou pert. Flowers very large, three to four inches across; clear flesh or shell pink, with light red center and wide border of creamy white ; fragrant ; very double, with about 73 petals and petaloids ; little pollen. Foliage thick ; rugosa leaves. Plant a strong grower with tough foliage. Hardy at Brookings. The New Century is regarded by rosarians as one of the most successful originations of Dr. Van Fleet, rose-breeder of the United States Department of Agriculture. Pink Grootendon;t.-Origin: F. J. Grootendorst, 1923. A pink sport of the red F. J. Grootendorst, with larger flowers. Not yet tested at this Station, but it will very likely be found hardy. Both will be desirable in the shrub border or for mass planting. Tetonkaha.-Hybrid rugosa. Origin : N. E. Hansen, 1912. This is now a standard hardy pink double rose in the prairie northwest. Described under State College Roses. Four Double Hardy Yellow Roses Harison's Yellow Persian Yell ow Agnes Grace Agnes.-Originated, 1900, by Dr. W. Saunders, Director of the Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Canada. A hybrid of Rosa rugosa with Persian Yellow as the pollen parent. It bloomed first in 1902. This variety has not been tested at Brookings, but, judging by the pedigree, it will no doubt be found hardy. The buds are copp€ry-yellow and pale to amber-gold on opening. Flowers double, pale amber, fragrant. This Rose was recently awarded the Van Fleet Gold Medal by the American Rose Society for the most distinct ·Rose of a new type originated in America. Persian Yellow.-The Persian Yellow Rose was brought from Persia to England in 1838 by Sir Henry Willock, K. L. S., Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary at Teheran. It soon became popular and later came to America. The Persian Yell ow is very hardy and blooms very freely in June at Sioux Falls and Brookings; i� hardy in northeastern Montana, North HARDY ·ROSES FOR SOUTH DAKOTA 17 Dakota and in Manitoba, and is excellent as a single bush in the shrub border, or as a screen or hedge. The plants sucker rather freely and have glistening brown stems. The brilliant intense yellow double flowers are very attractive and make a pleasing show in the garden. But the peculiar unpleasant fragrance does not make it suitable for cut flowers. The flowers are quite double and have from 24 to 44 petals and 22 petaloids, and are about 21h inches across. They are p,roduced along the canes. "Bright yellow, small, nearly full, well formed; small foliage, faintly scented like the sweetbrier; seven leaflets; the wood is chocolate brown color, armed with numerous brown thorns; it is the finest of all hardy yellow roses. It must not be closely pruned; it is desirable to grow more than one plant, and by pruning one this year, in the usual way, and the other the next, annual crops of flowers may be had. Does not grow from cuttings."-H. B. Ellwanger, The Rose, page 293. The following is from The Genus Rose by Ellen Willmott-page 272. "On its own roots the Persian Yellow grows freely and flowers well, though not in the same profusion as when budded on the Briar or the Manetti Rose. Care must be taken not to over-prune, for it is a Rose which will rarely break back. When the old shoots have to be shortened, they should be pruned down to a strong growth and on no account below. When grown in a border or in a somewhat confined position, it becomes straggling in growth and requires all the pruning it wil l submit to. It should be planted in a light soil with a warm sunny aspect, and may then be left to develop, unrestrained. It will become in time a bush some nine feet in height, throv;ing out long branches, the extremities of which will often be covered for from n. foot and a half to two feet with golden flowers. In spite of its height the Persian Y ollnw Rose never becomes ungainly, for the branches stand erect for about half their length and then arch over gracefully, so that the appearance of the bush from a little distance is strikingly beautiful. A hedge of this Rose in flower produces the effect of a cascade of gold." Harison's Yellow.--!Harison's Yellow Rose was originated by Reverend Mr. Harison of Trinity Church, New York City, about 1830, and is still popular after a hundred years. This is very widely distributed throughout the West. The numerous root-sprouts or suckers should be dug up and transplanted to give them a better chance. The Harison Yellow is hardy in all parts of the State and northward into Manitoba. Flowers semi-double, with about twenty petals; color bright yellow. Plants very vigorous, with good healthy foliage. A splendid shrub or hedge plant. "In 1830, Harison's Yellow, absolutely indispensable for dooryard adornment throughout practically our whole country, was sent out from a New York nursery. It bears evidence of admixture between the Asiatic Rosa lutea and the Scotch rose Rosa spinosissima, and is the only form of the bright yellow Rosa lutea thoroughly at home in our climate." -American Rose Annual, 196, page 28. "Harison's double yellow rose first appeared in the garden of the Rev. Mr. Harison of Trinity Church, New York City, about 1825. Judging by seedlings raised from it by Mr. Allard of Angers, which 18 EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 240 showed by their prickles and black-purple fruits certain characteristics of Rosa spinosissima, it is probably a hybrid between some form of that species and R. lutea. Its flowers are deep yellow, double; the leaves, leaf stalks, and sepals very glandular; leaflets double-toothed."-W. J. Bean in Trees and Shrubs Hardy in the British Isles, Volume II. "After many years of effort and the sowing of innumerable seeds, there has at last appeared two fairly vigorous seedlings of the prized Harison's Yellow rose. They are from chance or self-fertilized hips, all seeds from controlled pollinations having consistently failed to grow, as some influence of Rosa spinosissima or species other than the yellow flowered Rosa lutea may be looked for."-Dr. W. Van Fleet, American Rose Annual, 1917, page 42. Pruning of the Yellow Roses Harison's Yellow and Persian Yellow are descended from Rosa lutea. Concerning the pruning of these double roses, Rev. Joseph H. Pemberton, Vice-President of .the National Rose Society of England, writes : * "To insure free flowering : when the plant is vigorous and sends up long branches early in the summer, it is well to bend them over, so as to induce them to break into growth at as many points as possible up and down the shoot; for it is from this second growth that the flowering shoots are produced. If left to itself this species has a tendency to break into second growth only at the top, thus leaving the base bare and leggy. This method should be adopted in the case of the double varieties of the species Harrisonii and Persian Yellow. To propagate lutea, it should be budded on the brier. Cuttings do not strike readily, nor in the writer's experience do9o it produce fruit." Three Single Yellow Roses Hugonis Austrian Copper A ustrian Brier Hugonis.-Father Hugo's Rose. A handsome, single-flowered yellow rose, flowering in May, th':! earliest of all to bloom. The slender stems are covered closely in early spring with clear yellow flowers before the leaves appear. This striking meant the rose plants used for budding and grafting. The best rose stock for greenhouse use at present is probably the Manetti, a hybrid form of Rosa Chinensis found many years in northern Italy. Since some twelve million Manetti stocks are needed annually by the rose propagators of America, this is an industry of considerable importance. The stopping of all importations of rose stocks into this country has been postponed by the United States Department of Agriculture, but it is apparent that America must look fcrward to producing all the rose stocks at home as soon as possible. In Europe the Dog rose, Rosa Canina is used to an enormous extent but such plants are short-lived here and give trouble from the numerous root suckers. Rosa rugosa is a]so used to a large extent, but gives much trouble from the numerous suckers which appear from below the buds. But for high standards or "tree roses," they are desirable. Rosa multiflora from Japan and Korea is now b"'ing- us�d e'Jy in America as a root-stock, es;JEcially when grown from seed, and fr, r most Hybrid Teas. When budded or grafted just below the crown, there is less trouble from suckers. Many commercial growers are using the Ragged Robin stock, which is che Hybrid China ros·e, Gloire des Rosomanes. Many other stocks are on trial in the rose-propagating sections of the United States. It is quite evident that a iull report on rose stocks is-not possible at this time. Before definite remlts can be obtained suitable for publication, much more work must :>e done. · Nurserymen especially are interested in this important subject, since they must meet the demand for plants of hardy roses originated in the hybridization work. The United States Department of Agriculture is working on the great problem of rose stocks under a special appropriation and much progress is being made. It is self-evident, however, that much of this work must be done from the standpoint of stocks for those regions of HARDY ROSES FOR SOUTH DAKOTA 43 the United States where the present standard varieties of roses are hardy. The prairie Northwest, being in the minority, so to speak, in this matter, must supplement this work by developing outdoor rose stocks that will endure 40 or more degrees below zero, Fahrenheit. Propagation by layers is a sure method but too slow in most cases for the commercial nurseryman or florist. Many varieties of roses are too weak in growth when on their own roots and succeed much better when grown on strong stocks. Many varieties of vigorous growth are grown on a large scale from cuttings and this is a special industry in some states. Without taking part in the extended discussion as to the relative merits of budded, grafted or own-rooted roses, the question presents itself: Is there not a better way? Growing Hardy Roses From Root-Sprouts Is it not possible to grow roses on their own roots by transplanting the rcot-sprouts ? This is quite possible in hardy varieties of extra vigorous growth, such as the Tetonkaha, originated by the writer and introduced in 1912. This variety is now grown in many states and is found hardy in South Dakota north into Canada. Experience in many pla�cs shows that the Tetonkaha sprouts very freely and that these root-sprouts transplant easily and make good plants for the garden. Hundreds of young plants may be grown from one plant of Tetonkaha. It is true that but few varieties have such great vigor. Some planters will oh,iect to the spr0uts, but at any rate they are hardy, and there is no trouble from the wild stock choking out the budded portion. None of the trouble with grafting, budding and cutting is experienced with own-rooted plants grown from root-sprouts. Rosa Laxa, Retz, as a Stock Rev. Joseph Pemberton gives the fol19wing experience with this stock in England: R. laxa.-This rose is a species belonging to the section Cinnamomea. It was introduced by R0tziur. in 1803, and o-f late years has come into prominence as a stock. It is not extensively employed, but is useful for early budding becanse the sap rises ir.. this stotk earlier than in others, and in addition to this advantage, the bark, being thin, will not smother the inserted bud, however small it may be. The "take" on R. laxa is above the average, bt..t the period in which it is in condition for budding purposes is short, as it ripens �ar!y.-"Roses, Their History, Development and Cultivation," by ·Rev. Joseph Pemberton, England, Page 205-206. Year 1920. A Word About Grafted . Stock As to the comparative advantages of grafted stock for certain cut flower sorts, I would not be qualified to speak. While quicker results may be obtained, the observation of the most experienced members nf the Springfield Florists Club through many years leads them to claim with confidence that in the long run, all things con.sidercd, the own-root rose plant will outstrip its grafted competitor in the production of cut flowers and is superior for all other purposes. They argue that being "on its own legs," it must necessarily run longer and faster than when 44 EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 240 tampered with by any artificial process.-By George D. Leedle, Springfield, Ohio, in the American Rose Annual, 1901, page 44. Budded or Own-Root Plants For instance, there is quite a difference of opinion as to the relative value of budded or grafted plants and plants on their own roots. I think we must all agree that budded plants are giving much better results as to vigor of growth and quality of bloom, but we realize that the average amateur grower may be better served with plants on their own roots, because there will be no danger of his losing his flowering plant through the unrecognized or unnoticed growth of wild suckers. Now, I think we ought to at least give our friends, the customers, credit for ordinary intelligence, by telling them that if they will compare the foliage nf a wild rose with that of a hybrid, they will soon learn to distinguish be�ween a sucker and the real thing; and they will understand that by diligently removing the former they will have the very best results with the latter. Ardent lovers of flowers will be glad to learn that. For those who are too busy or don't care, the own root plants I admit may be better, but I believe it is only fair to state to the amateur the difference between the two, and let him have his choice. If the roses are budded low, the stock eyes removed before planting and the roses planted good and deep, comparatively little sucker trouble will be encountered, and I for one shall want budded plants wherever I have something to say in this matter of choice.-American Rose Society, 1907, page 37, by Theodore Wirth, park superintendent, Mir..-1eapolis, Minn. Trouble With Rose Stocks "Only yesterday we were looking over a hedge of that exquisitely beautiful rose of the Rugosa type Parfum de l'Hay than which, in color · and fragrance, no rose is more captivating. More than half the growth was from the stocks, and the scions in many instances were not onlv eclipsed but suppressed or decadent."-C. D. Beadle, Biltmore, North Carolina. in The American Rose Annual, 1917, ·page 51. Elmira, N. Y.-"Plants going- back to non-blooming- plants of different foliage."-"Wake up, brother, or the 'suckers' will get you ! Where have you been? These shoots Clf Jiff erent foliage are not what you thought you planted, but the stock on which those varieties were budded. Cut them off, and if there is anything left of the variety you planted, take care of it. Any shoots arising from the ground, not from the stem, are suspicious and should be removed at once."-The American Rose Annual, 1923, page 53. Rose Diseases and Insects An excellent preventive for mildew and Black-spot on Roses is to dust the foliage when damp with dew in the morning with a mixture of nine parts dusting sulphur and one part finely ground lead-arsenate. Add one part of tobacco dust to this mixture to get the aphids. The roseaphids or ''lice" can be removed by a strong spray of water or by a solution of nicotine sulphate known as Black Leaf 40, one pound to 800 \ HARDY ROSES FOR SOUTH DAKOTA 45 parts of water, with a little soap added to make it stick better. In a small way this means one teaspoonful of the nicotine sulphate or Black Leaf 40 to two gallons of water, and adding one ounce of soap. Either wha-.: oil soap or common laundry soap may be used. This is very poisonous in its undiluted ·form and should be handled with care. The Rose curculio and Rose Chafer or Rose Bug are difficult to control. Hand-picking into pans containing a little kerosene will greatly reduce. their numbers. . Rose mildew may be controlled by a spray of bicarbonate . of soda (ordinary baking soda) , one ounce to a gallon of water. Add a tablespoonful of washing or household ammonia to a gallon of this spray to control the aphis at the same time. Best Methods of Winter Protection South Dakota North Dakota Manitoba A Par:agraph on Protection-By Dr. John Donahoe, Sioux Falls, South Dakota in The American Rose Annual, 1928, page 73: "In this climate of occasional, sudden extremes of temperature, from 35 degrees above to 20 degrees below zE.ro, proper winter protection is the o,ne big lesson I have learned in four years of �xperimenting. One bed of forty varieties, including Lady Plymouth, a Tea, came through two winters 96 per cent, owing to careful protection, while one end of the same bed has been ccmtantly replaced where I did not use wooden shelters. All these roseis were covered about 20 inches with earth brought in; then, after the ground was well frozen, covered with straw manure. Even this 1s not sufficient to raise healthy, strong, robust plants. It takes a wooden cover over the top to shed water and also to prevent the bright sunshine from thawing out the frost. I do not box up the ends or sides." A . C. Ellerman, Yankton, South Dakota, gives his experience in winter protection of tender roses at Yankton in The American Rose Annual, 1928, page 68: ''I write merely as 2. rose enthusiast and culturist, willing to share experiences in the cold blizzard states where successful rose-culture has been looked upon as impossible until the last few years.· Eighteen years ago, with a vision of the pleasure offered by growing the . Queen of Flowers, I started on a career of ros9 developm�mt for the cold North. The beginning was with Hybrid Perpetuals and 'the row was hard to hoe,' until the requirements of winter protection were mastered. This has been doue. Today, in my gardens, are· found the choicest of Teas, Hybrid Teas, Hybrid Perpetuals, and, in fact, many of the varieties grown in the large greenhou�es. "Our good state, of which we are all proud, is termed the 'Blizzard State' but, in reality, it js a state of sunshine and roses, even if the temperature does drop to 40 degrees b�low zero in the winter. This very extreme change mak�s rose-culture in this locality a pleasure, and everyone should grow them. Roses budded to good roots. and given proper care and attention, can be grown here by anyone. In my late gardens the roses are in bloom from early summer until frost. "Very late flowering is discouraged by removing many of the buds in 46 EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 240 order that the plant may grow good wood and be properly seasoned for the winter. After the first heavy freeze, which hardens the wood of the plants, trenches are dug along each side of the rose-row or plant. These trenches are deep enough so that the earth removed from them forms an embankment 8 to 10 inches high around the plants. The trenches are then filled with water, so that the ground around the root system of the FIG. 8.-WILD ROSES IN WINTER. The abundant red fruits of wilJ roses are useful in autumn and winter bouquets. plants is well moistened. The frost will then penetrate sufficiently deep to eliminate intermediate thaws and freezes which are very detrimental. When once the ground is frozen it should be kept so by proper mulching. Many plants are lost by going into the winter dry rather than well moistened. "When the earth around the plants is partially frozen, place straw or leaves over the entire bed, insuring the retention of frost and uniformity of temperature. Straw or leaves alone, without the earth embankment, is not sufficient to carry the more tender plants through the winter. Also, when · the early spring rains arrive before it is t-ime to uncover, the contact cf such material with the rose plants, if any have survived, is sure to cause mold and death to the plant. During the winter an occasiomtl extr� covering of snow will assist materially and in no way harm the undercovering. As spring sets in the straw is gradually removed anrl, about seed-planting time a light sprinkling of wood-ashes, bone-meal, or well-rotted manure is spread in the trenches and the earth around the plant renlaced. The plants should be thoroughly sprayed with some good dormant spr:::.y, and the winter's work is comnlete." Hardv Roses in. North Dakota, by Professor A. F. Yeager, Fargo, North Dakota, in The American Rose Annual, 1928.-"The project at the HARDY ·ROSES FOR SOUTH DAKOTA 47 North Dakota Experiment Station was designed to determine what varieties of roses could be grown in the open with only such care as the average home-maker would be likely to give them. Our roses are planted in heavy clay loam soil, given clean cultivation, leaf-eating pests are kept down, and for winter protection the earth is mounded up in the center of the plant abo.ut a foot high. When speaking of hardiness and desirability, therefore, I mean that the roses have withstood the conditions mentioned and have given a reasonably good account of themselves. "The following lists are made with no attempt at classification so far as botanical relationships are concerned. They contain representatives of many species which are of little importance to the ma_jority of readers of the Rose Annual. "In the hardiest group which have not winter-killed are the following : Rosa rubrifolia, Hansa, Persian Yellow, Tetonkaha, Belle Poitevine, R. rugosa, R. rugof';a alba, Betty Bland and probably Roseraie de l'Hay and R. laxa. "In the second hardiest group, which while they kill down considerably, yet practically always give good bloom, are : Sir Thomas. Lipton, F. J. Grootendorst, Universal Favorite, Illinois, R. hugonis, Amelie Gravereaux, Conrad Ferdinand Meyer, and probably Sarah Van Fleet and Dr. E. M. Mills "In the, third group, which normally kills down to the ground-line but yet, with protection; produces abundant blooms. are : Crimson Globe, Princess Adelaide, Mme. Plantier, General Jacqueminot, and American Pillar. "Selecting those which have attr�cted most favorable comment during the nast few years, we wculd list : R. rubrifolia, Hansa, Persian Yellow, Tetonkaha, Belle Poitevine, Betty Bland, Amelie Gravereaux, Crimson Globe, Mme. Planter, General Jacqueminot and American Pillar." Winter Protection of Roses at Fargo, North Dakota.-Dr. James P. Aylen, Fargo, North Dakota, "vrites in the American Rose Annual, 1928, page 81 : "For winter protection we hill up, the plants v.rithout disturbing roots, .iust before the ground freezes, making the hills 10 to 12 inches hi.g-h. The holes from which the soil is taken are filled with leaves and we cover the rest of the plants with hollyhock stalks, and the like, on top, to keep the leaves or straw from blowing away. A strip of chickenwire is a good substitute for 'roughage.' Tar paper or a tarpaulin may be thrown over the top. Climbers are. laid on the ground and covered with 6 inches of earth and a strip of tar paper. "Most roses need pruning. The Rugosas need only the dead stalks removed, and climber::; are be!=it tr('ated· the same way unless wanted as pillars. Hybrid Teas need vigorous pruning in the spring to get the be!'\t blooms, but if a generous piece of stem is cut with each flower, they will need little more pruning." ,vinter Protection of Rose� at Grand Forks, North Dakota.-From a renort bv Dr. H . G. Woutat, Gr::ind Forks, North Dakota, in the American Rose Annual for 1928, pages 75-76 : "I have tried various methods of protecting climben;, but I find earth to be the best protection as it does not respond to sudden changes in temperature as other covering material d �t the crown even though the exposed portions may have been uninjured."

Plants of the Rose Family in North Dakota

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Plants of the Rose Family in North Dakota

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