Effects of the non-steroidal antiinflamatory ibuprofen on growth and metabolic profiles of Vigna Unguiculata

Trabajo presentado en el 28th Annual Meeting of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC Europe), celebrado en Roma del 13 al 17 de Mayo 2018The non-steroidal anti-inflammatory ibuprofen is one of the most frequently detected pharmaceuticals in wastewater treatment plants. Its metabolism has been widely studied in mammals, fungi and microbes. However, little is know on how ibuprofen is metabolized by plants, mostly due to analytical methodology gaps for determining these compounds at low concentration in complex matrices. In this study, the effects of ibuprofen treatment on the growth and its comprehensive metabolic profile in whole plant cultures and seed germinates of Vigna unguiculata were investigated using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QqTOF-MS). To this end, the developed method achieved simultaneous quantitative analysis of ibuprofen, 1 and 2-hydroxyibuprofen and carboxyibuprofen while preserving the instrument ability to get precursor and product ion mass spectra of non-target compounds. The trigger was the precursor ions to reach 100 cps intensity. Seeds of V. unguiculata were obtained from Gizan area of Saudi Arabia, were germinated in Petri `plates or sown in pots under graduated treatment regimen (control, 400, 800, 1200, 1600, and 2000 mg L-1 of ibuprofeno). Seeds and plants were incubated in a growth chamber in the dark at 26 ºC for 5 days. Forty-six metabolites of ibuprofen in V. unguiculata were successfully identified. The 1-hydroxy and 2-hydroxy ibuprofen were confirmed and quantified using their analytical standards. The structures of the other metabolites were proposed using high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) and high resolution tandem mass spectrometry (HRMS/MS) data. In particular, the combination of mass accuracy and the fragmentation patterns of metabolites and parent compounds allowed proposing plausible structures for each metabolite. Six hexosides were already reported in study on Phragmites australis and Lemma gibba. Thirty-eight of the identified metabolites were already reported in a study on cell cultures of A. thaliana and 9 of them (conjugates of ibuprofen or hydroxyibuprofen with amino acids) are, up to our knowledge, reported for first time in plants.Peer reviewe