Dynamic‐clamping human and rabbit atrial calcium current: narrowing ICaL window abolishes early afterdepolarisations

Background: Atrial early‐afterdepolarisations (EADs) may contribute to atrial fibrillation (AF), perhaps involving reactivation of L‐type Ca2+ current (ICaL) in its window‐region voltage range. Aims: Validate the dynamic‐clamp technique for modifying ICaL contribution to atrial action potential (AP) waveform; investigate effects of widening window‐ICaL on EAD‐propensity; test whether EADs from increased ICaL and AP duration are supressed by narrowing window‐ICaL. Methods and Results: ICaL and APs were recorded from rabbit and human atrial myocytes by whole‐cell‐patch‐clamp. During AP‐recording, ICaL was inhibited (3 μM nifedipine) and replaced by a dynamic‐clamp model‐current, ICaL,D‐C (tuned to native ICaL characteristics), computed in real‐time (every 50 μs) based on myocyte membrane potential. ICaL,D‐C‐injection restored the nifedipine‐suppressed AP plateau. Widening window‐ICaL,D‐C, symmetrically by step‐wise simultaneous equal shifts of half‐voltages (V0.5) of ICaL,D‐C activation (negatively) and inactivation (positively), generated EADs (single, multiple, or preceding repolarisation‐failure) in a window‐width‐dependent manner, and AP‐alternans. A stronger EAD‐generating effect resulted from independently shifting activation V0.5 (asymmetrical‐widening) than inactivation V0.5; e.g. a 15‐mV activation‐shift produced EADs in 9/17 (53%) human atrial myocytes versus 0/18 from inactivation‐shift (P<0.05). In 11 rabbit atrial myocytes in which EADs were generated either by increasing conductance of normal‐window‐width ICaL,D‐C or subsequent 4‐aminopyridine (2 mM), window‐ICaL,D‐C‐narrowing (10 mV) abolished EADs of all types (P