Effects of modality on learning novel word - picture associations

It is unknown whether modality affects the efficiency with which we learn novel word forms and their meanings. In this study, 60 participants were trained on 24 pseudowords, each paired with a pictorial meaning (novel object). Following a 20 minute filler task participants were tested on their ability to identify the picture-word form pairs on which they were trained when presented amongst foils. Word forms were presented in either their written or spoken form, with exposure to the written form equal to the speech duration of the spoken form. The between subjects design generated four participant groups 1) written training, written test; 2) written training, spoken test; 3) spoken training, written test; 4) spoken training, spoken test. Our results show a written training advantage: participants trained on written words were more accurate on the matching task. An ongoing follow-up experiment tests whether the written advantage is caused by additional time with the full word form, given that words can be read faster than the time taken for the spoken form to unfold. To test this, in training, written words were presented with sufficient time for participants to read, yet maximally half the duration of the spoken form in experiment 1