A First-Principles Based Multiscale Approach from the Electronic to the Continuum Regime: CO Oxidation at RuO2(110)

A first-principles based multiscale modeling approach to heterogeneous catalysis is presented, that integrates first-principles kinetic Monte Carlo simulations of the surface reaction chemistry into a fluid dynamical treatment of the macro-scale transport in the reactor. Using the CO oxidation at RuO2(110) as representative example the relevance of first-principles kinetic Monte Carlo is demonstrated by the comparison with the commonly employed, but less accurate rate equation based approach to surface chemistry. Huge differences between both approaches in the predicted reactivity and qualitatively wrong predictions on the ongoing surface dynamics disqualify the latter approach for the use with first principles input. An efficient general purpose methodology is developed, which allows for simulations of macroscopic catalytic reactors with the same speed as mentioned empirical approaches, but retains the sound electronic basis and the accurate treatment of surface chemistry by kinetic Monte Carlo simulations. As a simple showcase the developed method is applied to stagnation flow fields in front of a RuO2(110) single crystal surface. The simulation results show how heat and mass transfer effects can readily affect the observed catalytic function at gas-phase conditions typical for modern in situ experiments. For a range of gas-phase conditions we furthermore obtain multiple steady-states that arise solely from the coupling of gas-phase transport and surface kinetics. This additional complexity needs to be accounted for when aiming to use dedicated in situ experiments to establish an atomic-scale understanding of the function of heterogeneous catalysts at technologically relevant gas-phase condition