Steps, facets and nanostructures : investigations of Cu(11n) surfaces

Step structure and dynamics and adsorbate-induced reconstruction of stepped surfaces are useful features for investigating fundamental surface phenomena and their practical consequences. In this respect, vicinal Cu(11n) surfaces with n = 3, 5 and 9 were studied by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) at 300 K. While the regular monoatomic steps fluctuate for Cu (119), they are apparently stabilized for n less than or equal to 5 by their strong repulsive interaction and this leads to a very low kink activity. In addition to the regular steps, the formation of double steps was observed as a particular phenomenon on those surfaces. These double steps determine the dynamic behavior at room temperature. By applying existing models for the fluctuations of the step positions in space and time, the formation energy for kinks at these double steps was determined to be 0.16 eV for Cu (115). According to this evaluation, diffusion along step edges is the dominating mass- transport mechanism. A model for the structure of the double steps and for the atomic displacement processes necessary for kink migration at these steps is presented. Complete faceting is observed for these surfaces upon oxygen adsorption at elevated temperatures (around 500 K) and was studied in detail for n = 5 and 9. Both surfaces reconstruct into two types of {104} facets and a third facet, the orientation of which is determined by the macroscopic crystal orientation. The facet size is governed by the formation kinetics and can be controlled by varying the crystal temperature or the oxygen partial pressure. The formation kinetics is discussed as a nucleation and growth process and the relevant parameters are given. Facets within a range of size between 5 nm and 100 nm could thus be produced. They remained stable at ambient atmosphere, up to about 620 K, and also if covered by additional metal layers such as Ni