Tail spine length in the Daphnia galeata complex: costs and benefits of induction by fish

We studied the combined effect of fish kairomones and food conditions on the relative tail spine length (RTL) of five Daphnia taxa, and the interaction of these factors with the vertical distribution of the daphnids. The experiment was done in two large-scale indoor containers, the so-called plankton towers in Plön, Germany. We conducted a competition experiment in which food level and the presence of fish chemicals and later fish were varied. A strong response of RTL to fish kairomones (e.g., longer tail spines), significant differences in RTL between species, but no differences in RTL with water depth were found. Further, we observed that these Daphnia taxa produced a higher RTL only under high food conditions. This suggests that there is a cost related to the production of longer tail spines. In a preliminary study in lake Plußsee, we found that Daphnia had longer average RTL than in the towers. Further, we noted significant differences in RTL between the two sampling dates, which may be related to a lower food level. We also detected a strong inverse correlation between RTL and depth. We discuss the implications of these findings for the co-existence of co-occurring Daphnia species and their hybrid