Gene x Environment Interactions: From Molecular Mechanisms to Behavior

Gene-by-environment interactions (GxEs) can provide important biological insights into psychiatric disorders and may consequently have direct clinical implications. In this review, we begin with an overview of the major challenges G x E studies have faced (e. g., difficulties replicating findings and high false discovery rates). In light of these challenges, this review focuses on describing examples in which we might begin to understand GxEs on the molecular, cellular, circuit, and behavioral level and link this interaction to altered risk for the development of psychiatric disorders. We also describe recent studies that utilize a polygenic approach to examine GxEs. Finally, we discuss how gaining a deeper understanding of GxEs may translate into a therapeutic practice with more targeted treatments