Democrats without Democracy? A Multi-level Analysis of Attitudes towards Democracy in Muslim-majority Countries

In this paper I study between and within country differences in attitudes towards democracy, focusing specifically on Muslim-majority countries and the degree to which college educated and high-income individuals in these countries conform to the expectations of modernization theory in their support for democracy. I find that support for democracy among high-income and college educated individuals is reduced in Muslim-majority countries relative to their peers around the world, but that this finding is due to an environment of political instability as well as levels of national income and democracy