Lincoln's Ghosts: The Posthumous Career of an American Icon

American cultural productions repeatedly have depicted Abraham Lincoln as living on as a spirit after his assassination in 1865. The unprecedented death toll of the Civil War coupled with the uncertain future of African American citizenship in the years after the war led Americans, both black and white, to imagine and reimagine how a living Lincoln would have responded to contemporary issues in the United States. As they grappled with Lincoln's legacy for American race relations, artists, writers, and other creators of American culture did not simply remember Lincoln but envisioned him as an ongoing spiritual presence in everyday life. Immediately after the Civil War, when the American Spiritualist movement encouraged the bereaved to believe that departed loved ones watched over and comforted the living, popular prints and spirit photography depicted Lincoln's ghost remaining to guide the American people. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, actors who played Lincoln on the American stage presented themselves as embodied forms of his spirit, in the process eschewing Lincoln's political achievement of Emancipation in favor of sentimental portrayals of his boyhood and family life. Fine artists and illustrators, such as Norman Rockwell and Palmer Hayden, turned to Lincoln's spirit as they attempted to use their work to promote African American equality. Walt Disney, creator of the Lincoln Audioanimatron theme park attraction, used technological means to bring to life a robotic Lincoln that could never die. And ordinary Americans from all walks of life have been drawn to the places that Lincoln lived and the objects that he owned in the belief that they serve as a conduit to his spirit. These case studies demonstrate how memory functions not only as a set of ideas about the past but also as a living force in the present.Doctor of Philosoph