Deregulation of p27 and Cyclin D1/D3 Control Over Mitosis Is Associated with Unfavorable Prognosis in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer, as Determined in 405 Operated Patients

IntroductionA large group of interacting molecular factors, involved in epithelialmesenchymal transition, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling, and G1 mitotic phase, are shown to play an important role in cancerogenesis and progression of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Since success concerning potential correlations, structural and numeric gene aberrations, and biological risk assessment of these molecular factors are still lacking, combined analysis of a multitude of intertwined factors is currently a promising approach.MethodsCyclins (D1, D2, D3, and E), p21, p27, EGFR, Snail, E-cadherin, β-catenin, phosphatidylinositol-3′ kinase, phosphatase and tensin homologue, phosphorylated Akt, and phosphorylated signal transducer, and activator of transcription-3 were analyzed by immunohistochemistry in 405 surgically resected NSCLC, using a standardized tissue microarray platform. In addition, the gene status of EGFR and cyclin D1 was examined by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Extensive clinical data were acquired, enabling detailed clinicopathologic correlation during a postoperative follow-up period of up to 14 years.ResultsThe protein overexpressions of nuclear p27, cyclin D1, cyclin D3, E-cadherin, and EGFR as assessed by immunohistochemistry were all associated with a significant reduction in overall survival time. In addition, cyclin D1 proved especially important, being the only independent molecular tumor-related factor with prognostic significance by multivariable analysis. In analogy to EGFR, recurrent numeric gene aberrations, particularly high-level amplifications, of cyclin D1 were obvious.ConclusionsThe results emphasize that deregulation of controlling factors of the early G1 phase is of significant oncogenic relevance and may represent a potential treatment target in NSCLC