Patterns for Cluster Emergence in Latecomer Economies

AbstractThis article presents various patterns for cluster emergence in latecomer countries based on the literature of cluster typologies and cluster emergence case studies. Defining clusters as complex adaptive systems, the main emphasis is placed on the dimension of relations, thus the patterns for cluster emergence are formulated as solutions to overcome the scarcity of cooperation in latecomer countries. The following patterns of cluster emergence are critically discussed in the light of latecomer economy: 1) Large firm(s) acting as anchors for attracting smaller companies into cluster; 2) Cluster emergence as a means to serve the needs of large customer outside the cluster; 3) Cluster emergence via professional associations; 4) Cluster emergence via local business entrepreneurs; 5) Cluster emergence via local institutional entrepreneurs