Modern linear algebra is based on vector spaces, or more generally, on modules. The abstract notion of vector space was first isolated by Peano (1888) in geometry. It was not influential then, nor when Weyl rediscovered it in 1918. Around 1920 it was rediscovered again by three analysts—Banach, Hahn, and Wiener—and an algebraist, Noether. Then the notion developed quickly, but in two distinct areas: functional analysis, emphasizing infinitedimensional normed vector spaces, and ring theory, emphasizing finitely generated modules which were often not vector spaces. Even before Peano, a more limited notion of vector space over the reals was axiomatized by Darboux (1875).L'algèbre linéare moderne a pour concept fondamental l'espace vectoriel ou...