Menarche age, menopause age and other reproductive factors in association with post-menopausal onset depression: Results from Health Examinees Study (HEXA)

AbstractBackgroundAlthough there are plausible mechanisms of female hormones in depression, epidemiological evidence has shown conflicting results.ObjectiveThis study aimed to evaluate the associations between female hormonal events and post-menopausal depression and further investigate the relative association between the age of menarche, the age of menopause and depression.MethodsAmong 111,589 women who took part in the Health Examinees (HEXA) Study, a total of 60,114 postmenopausal participants were included in the final analysis. Each participant provided information on depression and questions related to reproductive history. The outcome variable was self-reported by the history of depression diagnosed by physicians and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) score. With the multivariate logistic regression, odds ratios were calculated. Possible interactions between depression prevalence and the ages of menarche and menopause were assessed.ResultsA total of 2.2% (1342/60,114) women were diagnosed with depression after menopause, and 5.9% (500/8472) showed depressive symptoms. As the age of menopause and duration of reproductive years increased, the odds ratio of depression decreased (P-trend <0.001). As the age of menarche increased, the likelihood of physician-diagnosed depression also increased (P-trend 0.048). As the number of both spontaneous and induced abortions increased, the odds ratio of depression increased (P-trend