Transcription factors modulating angiotensinogen gene expression in hepatocytes

Transcripting factors modulating angiotensinogen gene expression in hepatocytes. The gene encoding angiotensinogen is regulated at the transcriptional level in hepatocytes in response to glucocorticoids and inflammatory cytokines (IL-1 and TNF). These hormones activate transcription of the angiotensinogen gene by changing the abundance of DNA binding proteins that interact with a multihormone-inducible enhancer located between nucleotides -615 to -440 upstream of the major transcription start site. Activation of this enhancer in hepatocytes is effected by glucocorticoid- and cytokine-inducible DNA binding proteins. Cytokine induction is mediated through the interaction of two classes of transcription factors that bind to the acute-phase response element (APRE): nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), and CCAAT-Box/Enhancer Binding Protein (C/EBP). NF-κB is a multiprotein DNA binding complex sequestered in the cytoplasm that is induced in the nucleus by cytokines, whereas C/EBP is a nuclear transcription factor family implicated in the expression of differentiated hepatic proteins. During the acute-phase response, individual C/EBP family members are discordinately regulated: C/EBPα levels fall, whereas another C/EBP family member termed nuclear factor IL6 (NF-IL6), is induced. We investigated the interaction between the two acute-phase induced APRE-binding proteins: NF-κB and NF-IL6. Both proteins bind to overlapping nucleotides in a mutually exclusive fashion with similar affinities for the APRE. NF-IL6, a less potent transactivator, attenuates NF-κB mediated transcription late in the evolution of the acute-phase response. These observations argue for a temporal model of sequentially-expressed transcription factors occupying the APRE during the evolution of the inflammatory process