Depth-of-Focus and its Association with the Spherical Aberration Sign. A Ray-Tracing Analysis

AbstractPurposeTo investigate the relationship between the sign of spherical aberration (SA) and the corresponding depth-of-focus (DoF) values around best focus, at three different spatial frequencies (SF). Additionally, to study the influence of the Stiles-Crawford effect (SCE) on DoF.MethodsWe modeled schematic eyes having a range of SA values, C (4, 0), from -0.20 to 0.20μm, at 6mm pupil, in a ray-tracing software (Zemax). The through-focus optical performance was obtained via Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) calculations using thin paraxial lenses in-front of the model eye, from -2.00 to+2.00 D in 0.05D steps. Through-focus full-width (defocus) occurring at the half maximum of MTF value was considered as DoF, in diopters.ResultsFor the low-SF configuration, +SA and –SA results were close to being mirror symmetries of one another. However, for midand high- SF targets, in the SA range spanning from -0.15 to 0.15μm, models of equal SA magnitude but opposite sign produced similar DoF measures, but those with SA more negative than -0.15μm showed marginally higher DoF than their positive counterparts. The SCE improved DoF for low SF (10 cycles/mm), while for mid and higher SF (>30 cycles/mm) mixed results were observed.ConclusionsAs regards presbyopic-correction strategies that use deliberately induced aberrations to increase the depth of focus, the current study suggests that both positive and negative SA have equal potential. However, practical considerations will probably limit the useful DoF achievable through the utilization of SCE in presbyopes. for reference to a contemporary record detailing refractive history