Cardiopulmonary Interactions with Consecutive Pulmonary Abnormalities in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure

Chronic heart failure places heavy burden on patients, their families and on health care resources, accounting for high numbers of hospital admissions. Despite huge improvements in the treatment of many heart disorders, the clinical syndrome of chronic heart failure as a fi nal pathway of heart pathology is an exception, in that its prevalence is rising, and only small prolongations in survival are occurring. It is associated with high morbidity and poor prognosis, and a survival rate worse than that for some malignant tumors. Th e reasons for the increasing overall prevalence of chronic heart failure in developed countries lie in prolonged survival owing to modern pharmacological or invasive treatment, better secondary prevention, and aging of the population. Chronic pulmonary disease is common in patients with chronic heart failure. Th rough sharing some risk factors and overlapping pathophysiological processes, they present diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. Th e aim of this article is to review various mechanisms responsible for the symptoms of chronic heart failure with consecutive pulmonary interaction and abnormalities in lung function