Predictors of Macro and Microvascular Complication in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients at Dr. Moewardi Hospital, Surakarta

Background: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (Type 2 DM) is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Morbidity and mortality due to diabetes are associated with the development of various microvascular complications (retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy) and macrovascular complications (coronary heart disease, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease). This study aimed to examine the determinants of biopsychosocial macro and microvascular complications in patients with type 2 DM at Dr. Moewardi Surakarta. Subjects and Method: This was an analytic observational with a case-control design. The study was conducted at Dr. Moewardi, Surakarta, Central Java, from January to March 2018. A sample of 75 Type 2 DM cases with complication and 75 Type 2 DM cases without complication was selected for this study by fixed disease sampling. The dependent variables were macro and microvascular complications. The independent variables were body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, quality of life, depression, duration of disease, physical activity, diet, medication adherence, health financing, and routine blood sample. Clinical data were taken from medical record. The data of other variables were collected by a set of pre-tested questionnaire. Logistic regression was employed for data analysis. Results: The risk of macro and microvascular complications in type 2 DM patients increased with high BMI (OR= 22.00; 95% CI= 7.50 to 64.52, p<0.001), poor quality of life (OR= 7.06; CI 95%= 3.51 to 14.16, p<0.001), depression (OR= 3.30; 95% CI= 1.39 to 7.79, p= 0.007), longer duration of disease (OR= 9.71; 95% CI= 2.79 to 33.71, p