Research advances in the pathogenesis and surgical treatment of gallbladder carcinoma

Gallbladder carcinoma (GBC) is often obscured by some benign diseases in clinical practice and thus unsuspected GBC tends to occur. As for etiology, long-term stimulation by gallstones, gallbladder polyps larger than 1 cm, gallbladder adenoma, and adenomyomatosis of the gallbladder are closely associated with GBC. In the aspect of molecular biology, long non-coding RNA, microRNA, surface growth factor receptor, and some membrane proteins are involved in the development and progression of GBC, which may provide a reference for clinical practice. It is of great importance to perform intraoperative and postoperative surgical management of GBC, which is related to patients' survival. Patients with highly suspected or proven GBC should be converted to open surgery after disease assessment, in order to avoid reoperation. Reoperation should be performed for patients with unsuspected GBC found by postoperative pathological examination, in order to avoid tumor progression and metastasis