Pollination niche availability facilitates colonization of Guettarda speciosa with heteromorphic self-incompatibility on oceanic islands

Abstract Obligate out-breeding plants are considered relatively disadvantageous comparing with self-breeding plants when colonizing oceanic islets following long-distance dispersal owing to mate and pollinator limitation. The rarity of heterostyly, a typical out-breeding system, on oceanic islands seems a good proof. However, a heterostylous plant, Guettarda speciosa, is widely distributed on most tropical oceanic islets. Our research demonstrates that its heteromorphic self-incompatibility, plus herkogamy and long flower tube make it rely on pollinator for sexual reproduction, which is generally considered “disadvantageous” for island colonization. We hypothesize that available pollination niche will be a key factor for its colonization on islands. Our studies on remote coral islands show that G. speciosa has built equilibrium population with a 1:1 morph ratio. It could obtain pollination niche from the hawkmoth Agrius convolvuli. A pioneer island plant Ipomoea pes-caprae sustain the pollination niche by providing trophic resource for the larvae of the pollinator. Geographic pattern drawn by Ecological Niche Modelling further indicates the interaction between G. speciosa, A. convolvuli and I. pes-caprae can be bounded on those remote oceanic islands, explaining the colonization of G. speciosa distylous population. These findings demonstrated obligate out-breeding system could be maintained to acclimatize long distance dispersal, if the pollination niche is available