HSP-70-Mediated Hyperbaric Oxygen Reduces Brain and Pulmonary Edema and Cognitive Deficits in Rats in a Simulated High-Altitude Exposure

High-mountain sickness is characterized by brain and pulmonary edema and cognitive deficits. The definition can be fulfilled by a rat model of high-altitude exposure (HAE) used in the present study. This study aimed to investigate the protective effect of hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBO2T) and to determine the underlying mechanisms. Rats were subjected to an HAE (9.7% O2 at 0.47 absolute atmosphere of 6,000 m for 3 days). Immediately after termination of HAE, rats were treated with HBO2T (100% O2 at 2.0 absolute atmosphere for 1 hour per day for 5 consecutive days) or non-HBO2T (21% O2 at 1.0 absolute atmosphere for 1 hour per day for 5 consecutive days). As compared to non-HAE+non-HBO2T controls, the HAE+non-HBO2T rats exhibited brain edema and resulted in cognitive deficits, reduced food and water consumption, body weight loss, increased cerebral inflammation and oxidative stress, and pulmonary edema. HBO2T increased expression of both hippocampus and lung heat shock protein (HSP-70) and also reversed the HAE-induced brain and pulmonary edema, cognitive deficits, reduced food and water consumption, body weight loss, and brain inflammation and oxidative stress. Decreasing the overexpression of HSP-70 in both hippocampus and lung tissues with HSP-70 antibodies significantly attenuated the beneficial effects exerted by HBO2T in HAE rats. Our data provide in vivo evidence that HBO2T works on a remodeling of brain/lung to exert a protective effect against simulated high-mountain sickness via enhancing HSP-70 expression in HAE rats