RNA sequencing-based longitudinal transcriptomic profiling gives novel insights into the disease mechanism of generalized pustular psoriasis

Abstract Background Generalized pustular psoriasis (GPP) is a rare, episodic, potentially life-threatening inflammatory disease. However, the pathogenesis of GPP, and universally accepted therapies for treating it, remain undefined. Methods To better understand the disease mechanism of GPP, we performed a transcriptome analysis to profile the gene expression of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from patients enrolled at the time of diagnosis and receiving follow-up treatment for up to 6 months. Results RNA sequencing data revealed that gene expression in five GPP patients’ PBMCs was profoundly altered following acitretin treatment. Differentially expressed gene (DEG) analysis suggested that genes related to psoriatic inflammation, including CXCL1, CXCL8 (IL-8), S100A8, S100A9, S100A12 and LCN2, were significantly downregulated in patients in remission from GPP. Functional enrichment and annotation analysis unveiled a cluster of DEGs significantly associated with the function of leukocytes, particularly neutrophils. Pathway analysis suggested that a variety of pro-inflammatory pathways were inhibited in patients in remission. This analysis not only reaffirmed known signaling pathways in GPP pathogenesis, but also implicated novel factors and pathways, such as cell cycle regulation pathways. Furthermore, regulator network analysis provided bioinformatics-based support for upstream molecules as potential therapeutic targets such as oncostatin M. Conclusions This longitudinal analysis of blood transcriptomes provides the first evidence that dysregulated gene expression in peripheral blood may significantly contribute to psoriatic inflammation in GPP patients. Novel canonical pathways and biomarkers identified in the current research may provide insights to help understand GPP pathobiology and advance novel therapeutics